Marine environment deterioration

The Degradation of Wood by Metal Fastenings and Fittings , Spring symposium 1970, University of Southampton, Deterioration of Materials in a Marine Environment, Timberlab Paper 27-1970, B.R.E. 

Concrete exposed to deicer salts, or to a marine environment is subjected to chloride and sodium loading. The ability of concrete to resist the penetration of chlorides and sodium is a primary design consideration in marine or cold environments. The ingress of chlorides into concrete is a major problem due to chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcing steel and deicer salt scaling [a process by which a thin layer (< 1 mm) of concrete deteriorates from the surface of the concrete]. The penetration of sodium from sea water or deicer salts is generally... 

The marine environment presents a hostile and seemingly unlikely situation for the survival of archaeological wood, yet it does survive. Normally, wood does not survive long enough in marine environments to enter the archaeological record because of the activities of wood-boring animals and aerobic microbes. However, studies have shown that rapid burial in the anoxic sediments of the seabed will protect ships timbers and wooden artefacts from the physical, chemical and biological processes that influence the deterioration of exposed wood. 

Reinforced concrete structures exposed to marine environments suffer premature corrosion-induced deterioration by chloride in seawater. Corrosion is typically found in piers and docks, bulkheads and retaining walls, mooring structures and navigational aids. 

C2 Serious casualty Injuries or human health deterioration, ship grounding, touching a submarine object, contact with a solid object, lost seaworthiness due to defects, necessity of towing or assistance from the shore and/or marine environment pollution. 

Weathering of polyethylene (LDPE) and enhanced photodegradable poly-(ethylene-co-carbon monoxide) in the marine environment has been studied [128]. The rate of deterioration, indicated by the loss in mean ultimate extension, was found to be slower when the material was weathered in sea water than in air. The difference in rates was explained in terms of the lack of heat buildup in plastic material floating in sea water. In the case of poly(ethylene-co-carbon monoxide) the rapid photodegradation occurs under both exposure conditions. 

P. Gilbride, D.R. Morgan and T.W Bremner, Deterioration and rehabilitation of berth faces in tidal zones at the Port of Saint John , in V.M. Malhotra (ed.) Conorete in Marine Environment, AC I SP-109, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Ml, 1988, pp. 199-227. 

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