Marine disturbed

M. C. Kennicutt II, S. J. McDonald, Marine disturbance-contaminants, foundations for ecological research west of the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarct. Res. Ser., 70 (1996), 401-415. 

Maintenance of electrical potential between the cell membrane exterior and interior is a necessity for the proper functioning of excitable neuronal and muscle cells. Chemical compounds can disturb ion fluxes that are essential for the maintenance of the membrane potentials. Fluxes of ions into the cells or out of the cells can be blocked by ion channel blockers (for example, some marine tox-... 

Typical marine propellers are fixed pitch and small in diameter with veiy thin, but broad, blade sections. They are made from either cast metal, corrosion-resistant metal alloys such as copper, or composite materials. Marine propellers normally operate at 60 percent efficiency due to the proximity of the ship s hull, which limits the overall diameter of the propeller and disturbs the efficient flow of water through the blades. As a result, the blades have to be veiy wide to produce adequate thrust. Marine propeller designers use innovations such as overlapping blades and wheel vanes to offset those problems and improve efficiency. 

Billsson, K., Westerlund, L., Tysklind, M., and Olsson, P.-E. (1998). Developmental disturbances caused by polychlorinated biphenyls in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Marine Environmental Research 46, 461 64. 

Sousa WP (2001) Natural disturbance and the dynamics of marine benthic communities. In Bertness MD, Gaines SD, Hay (eds) Marine community ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, pp 85-130... 

Noise Vessel propulsion, sonar, seismic prospecting, low-frequency sound use in defense and research May disturb marine mammais and other organisms that use sound for communication. 

Nutrient pollution has contributed to other notable disturbances in the structure of marine food webs. These include (1) bioinvasions of macroalgae and microbial mats... 

Arctic marine/coastal/riverine systems disturbance and recovery of terrestrial ecosystems. 

Deflandre, B., Mucci, A., Gagne, J., Guignard, C., and Sundby, B. (2002) Early diagenetic processes in coastal marine sediments disturbed by catastrophic sedimentation event. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66, 2547-2558. 

Onchidal is a toxic component of a certain poisonous marine opisthobranch mollusc. Like other opisthobranchs, the Onchidiacea family of molluscs does not have the protection of a hard external shell as do most molluscs. They rely instead on the production of a defensive secretion. When the animal is disturbed it secretes a viscous fluid from specialized glands. In two species of Onchidella Onchidella Jhr-idanun and Onchidella borealis), this defensive secretion has been shown to act as a deterrent to potential predators, including fish and crabs. Chemically, it is a simple lipophilic acetate ester (see Figure 11.1). 

The entire picture described above strongly suggests that we make a marine layer model with a prescribed internal flow field. The top of the layer is nearly as wall-like as the bottom because vertical disturbances are strongly resisted by buoyant forces. Therefore, little Reynolds stress momentum transfer occurs across the interface just as there is almost no normal transport of species (a property with which Angelenos are familiar). 

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