Marginal product

Product Inventory Mean Standard- Open Margin Production Produc- Total... 

Brine load reduction in well MT1RD should precede MT2RD since MT1RD has significantly affected well AP03D which has marginal production temperature at 220°C. 

Much of what is sold as nanotechnology is in fact a recasting of previous materials science, which is leading to a nanotech industry built solely on selling nanotubes, nanowires, and the like which will end up with a few suppliers selling low margin products in huge volumes . 

Jensen (1987) reviewed these earlier studies and provided new estimates. She did not hnd that marginal product of research expenditures depended on hrm size. Her results instead suggest that, except for the smallest firms, there is no particular advantage for new products of either large research scale or large firm size. 

However, on the brighter side, firms make estimates of the marginal product of R D expenditures prior to making such investments. Especially because many outside experts are likely to have had prior experience on the inside, insiders may not have a large advantage over outside experts in making such estimates. 

Finally, while total promotion expenditures over all types of promotional efforts approximately doubled between 1996 and 2001 (Table 9.1), so too did revenues, and thus total promotional intensity remained relatively constant. The total promotion-to-sales dollar ratio has hovered between 14% and 16% between 1996 and 2002, but it appears to have increased tol7.1% in 2003. This most recent increase may reflect the rising relative importance of free samples provided physicians, which in large part (Table 9.1), as noted above, are evaluated at their full retail prices rather than at marginal production costs. The apparent increases might also simply reflect the effects ofvarious measurement errors. 

When one turns to other prochiral unsaturates not related to enamides, optimizing by varying ligand structure has been only marginally productive, and the 90-95% ee so easily obtained with enamides has remained well out of reach for the most part. In several cases these low results persist in spite of having been the subject of a considerable research effort. 

Introduce wildcard supplier for high margin products... 

The impact of the opportunity cost of carbon allowances on the marginal cost of production has been estimated and is shown in Table 4. It ranges from 0.3% for petroleum refining with an allowance price of l5/tC02, to 17% for steel with an allowance price of 30/tCOr The cement sector is an exception, with the impact on its marginal production costs lying well outside this range, at up to 140%. 

On the other hand, if emissions trading leads to a change in the merit order (while total demand remains the same see Figure 2b), the change in the power price (Ap ) is lower than the change in the C02 costs per MWh of the marginal production unit (A). For this unit, emissions trading results in a profit per MWh (equal to Ap4) under free allocation, but in a loss (equal to... 

Under auctioning or grandfathering (i.e. if ob = 0), firms add the value of emissions per unit of output (ue0 - ua) to their marginal production cost. Furthermore, the marginal production cost increases with abatement, which raises the output price further. To what extent these extra costs are passed on to consumers depends on the number of firms N. 

Cycloaddition Reactions. Bis(oxazoline) copper complex 2 catalyzes the dipolar cycloaddition reaction between electron deficient nitrones and electron rich alkenes. While exo.endo selectivities are marginal, products can be obtained in as high as 94% enantiomeric excess (eq 19). Based on the stereochemical outcome of the reaction, a five-coordinate intermediate has been postulated in which both the nitrone (as a bidentate ligand) andl alkene are coordinated to the Cu center. 

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