Marat

Since 1978, several papers have examined the potential of using immobilised cells in fuel production. Microbial cells are used advantageously for industrial purposes, such as Escherichia coli for the continuous production of L-aspartic acid from ammonium fur-marate.5,6 Enzymes from microorganisms are classified as extracellular and intracellular. If whole microbial cells can be immobilised directly, procedures for extraction and purification can be omitted and the loss of intracellular enzyme activity can be kept to a minimum. Whole cells are used as a solid catalyst when they are immobilised onto a solid support. 

The conversion of a [3Fe-4S] into a [4Fe-4S] center was achieved by restoring the second residue of the consensus motif in E. coli fu-marate reductase (181) and in D. africanus ferredoxin III (161). However, the coordination scheme of the iron-sulfur centers of A. vinelan-... 

Fortunately for a poor, would-be chemist like Leblanc, France s aristocratic passion for the physical sciences crossed economic, social, and political borders. Intellectuals such as Rousseau and Diderot cultivated the sciences with enthusiasm and compiled encyclopedias and dictionaries of natural substances. Local academies and institutes in the far-flung provinces sponsored chemical studies. Crowds flocked to hear chemists lecture and to watch their flashy laboratory demonstrations. Even the future revolutionary, Jean-Paul Marat, experimented with fire, electricity, and light and tried—in vain—to become a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences. In America, Benjamin Franklin abandoned his printing and publishing business for physics, and in England his friend Jane Marcet wrote Mrs Marcet s Conversations in Chemistry for women and working-class men. 

Jean-Pierre Poirier. Lavoisier Chemist, Biologist, Economist. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. A biography that deals with Lavoisier s economic and governmental careers and with his chemistry and biology. Thus, the source for Lavoisier s nonscientific activities. Also the source for Morveau s quote aristocratic chemistry Marat his personal life and wife scientific achievements terminology Lavoisier s biology promotion of new chemistry mobs destroy customs wall first and scientists work for revolutionary government. 

Fronticelli C, Sato T, Orth C, et al. Bovine hemoglobin as a potential source of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers crosslinking with bis(2,3-dibromosalycyl)fu-marate. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986 874 76. 

Conjugated double bonds were also reduced in methyl 3-methyl-2-buten-oate with tributylstamane on irradiation with ultraviolet light at 70° (yield of methyl isovalerate was 90%) [1071], and in diethyl maleate and diethyl fu-marate which afforded diethyl succinate in respective yields of 95% and 88% on treatment with chromous sulfate in dimethylformamide at room temperature [974,1072]. 

This enzyme [EC 4.3.2.1], also known as arginosuccinase, catalyzes the conversion of iV-argininosuccinate to fu-marate and arginine. 

This enzyme [EC 1.14.17.1], also known as dopamine j8-hydroxylase, is a copper-dependent system catalyzing the reaction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine with ascorbate and dioxygen to produce noradrenaline, dehydroascorbate, and water. The enzyme is stimulated by fu-marate. 

Jean-Paul Marat, for one, helped bring about the chemist s execution. Marat was also a scientist, and he had been denied admission to the Academy of Science due to Lavoisier s denunciation of his experiments on combustion. It should be noted that Marat s later turn against the chemist and the academy bears elements of a personal vendetta. 

In 1778 Marat began a series of experiments on fire, electricity, and light that he hoped would gain him admission to the Academy of Sciences. In 1778 he wrote a paper on his experiments and submitted it to the Academy. The two members assigned to evaluate Marat s... 

Le Roy, who had been a referee of both papers, told Marat that, given the topics he was investigating, he would have to convince Lavoisier, who was by now a leading member of the Academy, that his experiments were significant. Then in 1780 Lavoisier informed his colleagues in the Academy that Marat was claiming that the Academy supported some of the conclusions in the second paper. Because this was not true, the Academy publicly denied the claim. Marat had no trouble discovering who had denounced him. Lavoisier had made himself an enemy. 

Marat began a campaign of rhetoric against the Academy, and against Lavoisier in particular. In a pamphlet titled Modern Charlatans, or Letters on Academic Charlatanism, published in 1791 but written earlier, Marat wrote ... 

Antoine Lavoisier was a French chemist who had the misfortune to live in revolutionary times, although he was no diehard loyalist. On the contrary, while not politically active, he held views that were very liberal for his day. Lavoisier died on the guillotine. In prerevolutionary days, he had been a frequent target of diatribes written by the radical leader Jean-Paul Marat. Marat, who once had scientific ambitions, believed that Lavoisier blocked his attempts to gain election to the French Academy of Sciences. Marat was assassinated before Lavoisier was executed, so he played no role in the latter s arrest or trial, but it is significant that he had constantly attacked Lavoisier for his role as a tax farmer. It was for his activities as a tax farmer that Lavoisier was executed. 

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