Manufacturers, materials, recycling

Material recycling is the objective for every material, but at some point reuse or collection, separation and further recycling will no longer yield a useful product. The so-called plastic waste still contains a high calorific value which can be recovered to produce heat or electricity. Even better it may be possible to recover the chemical feedstock originally manufactured from oil. These two possibilities are reviewed. 

Use closed-loop manufacturing processes. Recycle auxiliary and process materials back into the manufacturing process. 

A review of the chemical additives used is recommended not only for the manufacturer of recycled fibre-based packaging material but also for the producers of virgin fibre-based paper products. This should close this input pathway to avoid the contamination of their own products by chemical additives. Manufacturers of print products and packaging material not intended to be used in the foodstuff area should also close this input pathway due to the fact that the used papers and... 

Polyester manufacture, organic titanium compounds in, 25 123 Polyester materials, recycling, 20 22 Polyester/polyether/polycarbonate,... 

Direction of imovation (from the standpoint of the SubChem research group - 6b ) The substitution of ceramic fibres in the constmction of catalytic converters would avoid exposure (manufacture and recycling) to potentially carcinogenic fibres. Inclusion of specialised official bodies in the evaluation of alternative materials is one step towards greater security of direction. 

APME. 2001. Environmental examples Material recycling. Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe, ivww.apme.org. 

Recycling falls into two categories direct and indirect. Direct recycling is the reuse of components of manufactured materials before sale, often in the case of damaged or unsold products. Indirect recycling is the practice of recycling products or materials that consumers have used and discarded. 

BASF. In 1995 810 100 t of products were manufactured from residues. The amount of material recycled within a process is considerable (e.g. recycling of raw material not reacted on passing through the reactor or recycling of auxiliares such as solvents). The quantities certainly exceed the quantities of products sold (1995 8.1 x 10 t). By the introduction of new processes or the improvement of existing processes in the last 20 years, the formation of ca. 1.7 x 10 t of waste materials was prevented [73]. 

Presently, there are more than 4 million miles of roadways in the United States, and 60% of those roads are paved. In building and maintaining roads, highway agencies and contractors use a wide variety of manufactured materials. Increasingly, these materials include industrial by-products and recycled pavements and waste, as well as additives to enhance the performance of the materials. A 1994 survey found that more than 24 waste materials or industry by-products have been used in at least 36 different highway sustainable applications. 

The aggregate, coarse, fine aggregates and added filler can be any natural, manufactured or recycled material conforming to CEN EN 13043 (2004). The added filler is of mineral origin, but cement or lime may also be used. More information with regard to aggregates is... 

Materials used for the construction of the sub-base course can be unbound or hydraulically bound aggregates obtained by processing natural or manufactured or recycled materials. In the case of hydraulically bound sub-base, the binder is cement, lime or fly ash. 

The materials for the base and sub-base course are unbound aggregate mixtures or hydraulically bound aggregate mixtures. The aggregates may be crushed granular materials, manufactured materials from rock deposits or industrial by-products (slags) or recycled materials. The hydraulic binders, in the case of bound materials, are cement, fly ash, slag, lime, a mixture of some of them or factory-blended hydraulic binders for road use. 

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