Manganese mine production

Manganese world mine production for the year 2000 is reported in Table 27.3 [27.4]. 

Figures for the mine production of manganese and chromium are not available since a substantial proportion of the ore mined is not refined to...

Liuxia Zhou, et al., Development and Production Situation of Manganese Mine Resource in the Globe, China Manganese Industry, 15(4) (1997), 7-11. 

Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions. The electrolytic process for manganese metal, pioneered by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, is used in the Repubhc of South Africa, the United States, Japan, and beginning in 1989, Bra2il, in decreasing order of production capacity. Electrolytic manganese metal is also produced in China and Georgia. 

A U.S. Bureau of Mines survey covering 202 froth flotation plants in the United States showed that 198 million tons of material were treated by flotation in 1960 to recover 20 million tons of concentrates which contained approximately 1 billion in recoverable products. Most of the worlds copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, and nickel are produced from ores that are concentrated first by flotation. In addition, flotation is commonly used for the recoveiy of fine coal and for the concentration of a wide range of mineral commodities including fluorspar, barite, glass sand, iron oxide, pyrite, manganese ore, clay, feldspar, mica, sponumene, bastnaesite, calcite, garnet, kyanite, and talc. 

Cobalt is also found in seawater, meteorites, and other ores such as linnaeite, chloanthite, and smaltite, and traces are found mixed with the ores of silver, copper, nickel, zinc, and manganese. Cobalt ores are found in Canada and parts of Africa, but most of the cobalt used in the United States is recovered as a by-product of the mining, smelting, and refining of the ores of iron, nickel, lead, copper, and zinc. 

Most SEDEX deposits are not precipitated directly adjacent to their feeder zone (Sangster 2002) therefore the geochemical zonation of distal products provides a valuable exploration tool. Manganese halos have been well documented for the Tynagh mine in... 

We should conserve and recycle metals whenever possible because it is far cheaper to produce metals from recycled products than from ore. Environmentally sound exploration of new reserves is also required. Ore nodules discovered on the ocean floor, for example, contain as much as 24 percent manganese and 14 percent iron. Significant quantities of copper, nickel, and cobalt have also been found in this submarine terrain. Perhaps mining of the ocean floor may one day replace the mining we now do on land. And in the not too distant future, perhaps the mining of metal-rich asteroids in space will become a reality. 

Precipitation refers to dissolved species (such as As(V) oxyanions) in water or other liquids reacting with other dissolved species (such as Ca2+, Fe3+, or manganese cations) to form solid insoluble reaction products. Precipitation may result from evaporation, oxidation, reduction, changes in pH, or the mixing of chemicals into an aqueous solution. For example, As(V) oxyanions in acid mine drainage could flow into a nearby pond and react with Ca2+ to precipitate calcium arsenates. The resulting precipitates may settle out of the host liquid, remain suspended, or possibly form colloids. Like sorption, precipitation is an important process that affects the movement of arsenic in natural environments and in removing arsenic from contaminated water (Chapters 3 and 7). 

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