Manganese microelement

Shuman L.M., Separating soil iron- and manganese-oxide fractions for microelement analysis, Soil Sci Soc Am J 1982 46 1099-1102. 

The Grinization complexes include all vitally needed macro-, micro-and ultra-microelements that are compulsory components of the animal and vegetable matter being their source used in Grinization complexes production. With the scope of the Grinization complexes, functional activity increase, and some essential macro- and microelements are added, such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, silicium, vanadium these are included into the complexes in the most solvable and acceptable form of chelates. 

The essential microelements are only required in trace amounts (see also p.2). This group includes iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), selenium (Se), and molybdenum (Mo). Fluorine (F) is not essential for life, but does promote healthy bones and teeth. It is still a matter of controversy whether vanadium, nickel, tin, boron, and silicon also belong to the essential trace elements. 

Hungarian studies have shown that the pericarp has 16-17% protein and the seeds contain 18% protein. When the microelements were investigated it was found that iron was present in the largest concentration, followed by bromide and manganese. Other microelements found were cadmium, calcium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and zinc. Fruits of the Capsicum species have a relatively low volatile oil ranging from about 0.1 to 2.6% in paprika. The characteristic aroma and flavour of fresh fruit is imparted by the volatile oil (Pruthi, 2003). The comparative chemical composition of chilli and paprika is given in Table 14.2. 

Copper is an essential element for plant growth and important in various biochemical process, but toxic in higher concentrations, when it interferes with numerous physiological processes. While manganese, iron and zinc are essential microelements that are indispensable for normal plant growth... 

One of the important benefits of chelates, other than supplying metals, is realized as a result of their improvement of the micronutrient balance of plants. For example. Holmes and Brown (1955), in studies with calcareous soils, observed that certain effective chelates increased the concentration of iron in soybeans, and at the same time decreased the concentration of manganese and copper. This suggests that the cause of iron-deficiency chlorosis in this case may have been improper microelement balance in these calcareous soils. These workers also observed that when chelate was applied to several soils, it alleviated iron chlorosis completely in some soils, partly in others, and caused toxicity in yet others. From the work of others we know that under other conditions chelates may also eliminate or greatly decrease toxic effects where heavy metals are present in excessive amounts. Numerous soil factors influence these varying responses. 

Phytochemistry Needles and young branches contain vitamin C, essential oil (with up to 40 components such as camphene, myrcene, bomyl acetate, and others), flavonoids, and microelements (iron, manganese, chromium, aluminium and copper Bykov 1950). Thirty-eight diterpenoids have been identified in the oleoresin (Raldugin et al. 1991). Sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and tocopherol were isolated from needles and twigs. Dehydroabietol, patchouli alcohol, guaiol, P-sitosterol, and campesterol were the main components of the unsaponifiable matter (Zhou 2001). 

Literature data report that Cornelian cherry juice is remarkable rich in various essential microelements. Copper, iron, phosphorus, zinc, manganese, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium are the main microelements identified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) in the ash of Cornus mas fruits mesocarp [Bijelic et al., 2011 Cindric et al., 2012 Deng et al., 2013]. The calcium level of the juice obtained from these fruits is 10 fold higher compared to other juices, e.g. apple and pear, reaching a value of 323 mg/L. The potassium concentration was also high (1639 mg/L) [Krosniak et al., 2010]. 

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