Mammals dominance

In mammals, dominant individuals typically scent mark more - or in a more effective manner - than subordinate ones. 

Mammals Dominant lethal 2-4 months moderate to high moderate excellent unknown... 

All of the above discussion on the functional properties of metabolic pathways has focused on short-term responses. The question arises of the effects of adjustments over acclimation or intermediate time courses because studies with humans and mammals dominate this field, we will refer to these as training effects rather than acclimations (the term that is used elsewhere throughout this book). 

Chiysanthemic acid (TM 355) is an important constituent of pyrethiins - naturally occurring insecticides which are virtually harmless to mammals. What feature of this molecule wiU dominate our strategic thinking ... 

Mesozoic Triassic 245 Myr Continents begin to drift apart. Early dinosaurs first mammals gymnosperms become dominant diversification of marine invertebrates. Moss extinction at end of period (ca. 75% of all species disappear)... 

Jurassic 195 Myr Two large continents form Laurasia (north) and Gondwana (south). Dinosaurs diversify first birds and mammals evolve gymnosperms dominate terrestrial vegetation ammonites radiate into diverse forms... 

The prophecy on semiochemical systematics in the headline quotation at the start of this chapter remains just that — an intriguing speculation. Some single-component chemosignals do turn up as apparently the main active compound in a complex secretion. In male gerbils (Meriones) one volatile, phenylacetic acid, appears to represent the dominant male state (Thiesen, 1974). Individuality must be added by further components — dietary or variable sebum constituents in this case. Indeed, amongst mammals and some reptiles, complex mixtures seem to be the norm very few taxonomically relevant examples have emerged. 

Pfeiffer S. (1985). Flehmen and dominance among captive adult female Scimitar-homed Oryx (Oryx dammah). J Mammal, 160-163,... 

Abstract For most mammals, the ability to detect odours and discriminate between them is necessary for survival. Information regarding the availability of food, the presence of predators and the sex, age and dominance status of conspecifics is odour mediated. Probably because of this extraordinary reliance upon odour cues, mice and rats have developed the ability to learn and remember information associated with olfactory cues as effectively as primates recall visually related cues. As a result, these rodents have become the model of choice to study the neural and cognitive processes involved in olfactory discrimination. In this paper, we describe some of the more ethologically based tasks used in assessing olfactory discrimination and the advantages and disadvantages of the different methodologies employed. 

In mammals, olfactory cues play an important role in sexual selection, both during matechoice and male contests (Andersson 1994) and as olfactory cues are almost always multi-component, they provide a multitude of possibilities to encode information (Albone 1984). Chemical signals may provide information about health (Penn and Potts 1998 Kavaliers, Colwell, Braun and Choleris 2003 Zala, Potts and Penn 2004), dominance status (Gosling and Roberts 2001), sex and group membership (Hofer, East, Sammang and Dehnhard 2001 Safi and Kerth 2003) respectively population affiliation (Hayes, Richardson, Claus and Wyllie 2002). 

The discovery of peripheral oscillators in mammals has raised the question of how the SCN master pacemaker synchronizes these subsidiary clocks. Current evidence suggests that feeding time is the dominant eitgeber for most peripheral oscillators. The molecular mechanisms involved in food-dependent phase resetting are not yet understood, and deciphering the signalHng pathways involved will probably require many additional years of intense genetic and biochemical research. 

Knudsen I, Hansen EV, Meyer AO, Poulsen E (1977) A proposed method for the simultaneous detection of germ-cell mutations leading to foetal death (dominant lethality) and of malformations (male teratogenicity) in mammals. Mutat Res, 478 267-270. 

Diepoxybutane is a potent bifunctional alkylating agent which reacts with DNA in vitro and in vivo. As a result, it is mutagenic in virtually all test systems including effects in somatic and germ cells of mammals exposed in vivo. In vivo, it induced DNA adducts, dominant lethal mutations and gene mutations in mice chromosomal aberrations... 

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