Maleination

Chemical Designations -Synonyms cis-Butenedioicacid cis-l,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid Maleinic acid Malenic acid Toxilic acid Chemical Formula HOOC-CH=CH-COOH. 

Malein-aldehyd. n. maleie aldehyde, malealde-hyde. -amidsaure, /. maleamie aeid. -anil-sMure, /. maleanilie acid, -saurei /. maleie acid. 

A-Phenylthiomethylpipecolic acid methyl ester afforded with methyl cin-namate and a mixture of two regioisomers 65 and 66 (84TL1579). Pipecolic acid and diethyl fumarate or maleinate gave three isomers (85TL2775). 

Sachtler [270] notes that the 7r-allyl complex can be attached to a metal ion or to an oxygen anion but doubts that a 7r-allyl metal complex can be stable at the high temperatures normally used. He draws attention to the fact that, in the case of aromatic oxidations, benzoates, maleinates, etc. are observed spectroscopically, indicating that a carbon—metal bond is not formed. 

Tabelle 6. Copolymerisationsparameter bei der Copolymerisation von Styrol mil Malein- und Fumarsaureestem... 

H. Stamm also measured the solubilities of the salts of the alkalies in liquid ammonia —potassium hydroxide, nitrate, sulphate, chromate, oxalate, perchlorate, persulphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, carbonate, and chlorate rubidium chloride, bromide, and sulphate esesium chloride, iodide, carbonate, and sulphate lithium chloride and sulphate sodium phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, fluoride, chloride, iodide, bromate, perchlorate, periodate, hyponitrire, nitrite, nitrate, azide, dithionate, chromate, carbonate, oxalate, benzoate, phtnalate, isophthalate ammonium, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, perchlorate, sulphate, sulphite, chromate, molybdate, nitrate, dithionate, thiosulphate, persulphate, thiocyanate, phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, arsenate, arsenite, amidosulphonate, ferrocyanide, carbonate, benzoate, methionate, phenylacetate, picrate, salicylate, phenylpropionate, benzoldisulphonate, benzolsulphonate, phthalate, trimesmate, mellitate, aliphatic dicarboxylates, tartrate, fumarate, and maleinate and phenol. 

Vinylencarbonat laBt sich mit Sensibilisatoren, deren Ey > 74 kcal/Mol ist, zu den Cyclobutan-Derivaten 51 und 52 dimerisieren (145). Das Verhaltnis der beiden Stereoisomeren ist unabhangig vom verwendeten Sensibilisator, jedoch stark abhangig vom Losungsmittel. Ahnliche Verhalt-nisse werden bei der photosensibilisierten Cycloaddition von Malein-saureanhydrid an cis-DichlorS.thylen beobachtet (vgl. S. 473). 

Wie bereits erwahnt, hat sich die Verwendung von Halogenolefinen als wirksames Mittel zur Unterdriickung der bei Cycloadditionen mit Malein-... 

Figure 5.24 (a) Maleinated polypropylene and (b) the adduct formed with vegetable fibres by... 

They can also catalyze the opposite reaction, the coupling of quinol oxidation to quinone to the reduction of fumarate to succinate (Lemma et al., 1991). The m-configuration isomer of fumarate, maleinate, is neither produced in the oxidation reaction nor consumed as a substrate in the reduction reaction, i.e, the reaction is stereospecific in both directions. Depending on the direction of the reaction catalyzed in vivo, the members of the superfamily of succinate quinone oxidoreductases... 

The 1,4-diphospha-l,3-butadienes are suitable as ligands for cr-coordi-nated complexes with transition metals. Attempts to carry out pericy-clic reactions with maleinic anhydride, acetylene dicarboxylate esters, dimethylbutadiene, or cyclopentadiene failed, but Diels-Alder reactions with norbornadienes were successful (94). Earlier attempts to synthesize 1,4-diphosphabuta-l,3-dienes with oxalychloride and phenyl-bis(silyl)phosphane proceeded via ring closure [Eq. (42)] (89), where R = Ph (a) or [Pg.285]

The nature of the Lewis acid and the residence time in the reactor drastically affect the ratio exo/endo of these terminal unsaturations. AICI3-based initiation leads to about 10% of vinylidenes with respect to total unsaturations, whereas the use of BF3-based catalysts, allowing a shorter contact time between the acid and the polymer and thus limiting isomerization, increases this exo structure to 70% or more [25,29]. The vinylidene double bond is much more reactive than the endo one, and favors considerably the furt her terminal functionalization of the oligomers for example, maleination, epoxidation, ozonolysis, reaction with phosphorus pentasul-fide, etc. (Fig. 2). 

Owing to the fact that HI-6 is at the present time considered as the reactivator of first choice, there are many efforts to improve its application. One approach is the choice of the right counteranion of the reactivator. The anion could influence the solubility and stability of the reactivator in the solution. In 2007,12 different salts of HI-6 (sulfate, chloride, acetate, bromide, phosphate, mesylate, tartarate, iodide, malonate, salicylate, maleinate, tosylate) were prepared and tested to discover how the anion can influence the self-reactivation process. It was found that there is no difference in the reactivation of cyclosarin-inhibited AChE (Kuca et al, 2007b). 

H-l,4-Benzothiazine 2-(Carboxy-methyl)-3-oxo-3,4-di hydro- E9a, 455f. (2-SH — anilin + Malein-saure), 460 (2-SH —anilin + 2-Br-butandisiiure) 2,1-Benzothiazol 3-Methoxy-7-methoxycarbonyl- E8a, 870 (Oxa - Thia)... 

SYNS ds-BUTENEDIOIC ACID (Z)-BUTENEDIOIC ACID cis-l,2-ETHYLENEDICARBOXYLIC ACID MALEINIC ACID MALENIC ACID TOXILIC ACID... 

Auch bei Malein- und Fumarsaure wurden bei Verwendung aller in Abschnitt 7.2.1. angegebenen Redoxsysteme ESR-Spektren der er-... 

On the other hand, there is a need to use inhibitors of the platinum catalysts temporarily to reduce their catalytic activity in the presence of hydro- and vinyl-polysiloxanes in order to stop the curing process at room temperature, but to allow the platinum catalyst to be activated at elevated temperature. Among the principal types of compounds reported are alkenyl derivatives, esters of unsaturated acids, crown ethers, organic nitrogen compounds, phosphines, linear and cyclic vinyl-siloxanes, and poly(vinyl)siloxanes [2], and recently fumarate [44] and maleinate [33]. New co-activators of the catalysts (precursors) have been revealed in the 1990s to reduce to ppm the levels of platinum required to effect hydrosilylation curing [45, 46]. 

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