Male sterilants

An absence of dynein in cilia and flagella results in immotile cilia and flagella, leading to male sterility and chronic respiratory infection, a condition known as Kartagener syndrome. 

Degradation of phytate in animal feed Male sterility, tolerance to glufosinate... 

Cunfer B, Mathre D E and Hockett E A (1975), Factors influencing the susceptibility of male-sterile barley to ergot , Crop Sci., 15, 194—196. 

Dewey, R.E., Timothy, D.H., and Levings III., C.S. (1987) A mitochondrial protein associated with cytoplasmic male sterility in the T cytoplasm of maize. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 5374-5378. 

Brennicke A, Kuck A. Plant Mitochondria with Emphasis on RNA. Editing and Cytoplasmic Male Sterility, VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1993. 

J. H., Hoogerbrugge, J. W., Vreeberg, M. T. M., Baarends, W. M., Bootsma, D., Grootegoed, j. A., and Hoeijmakers, j. H. j. Inactivation of the HR6B ubiquitin-conjugating DNA repair enzyme in mice causes male sterility associated with chromatin modification. Cdl 1996, 86, 799-810. 

Chemicals can also directly affect male reproductive organs or sperm. Decreased sperm count, decreased sperm motility, or abnormalities can result in male sterility or reduced fertility. For example, occupational exposure to lead can result in infertility due to sperm abnormalities. Male sterility can also result from exposure to the fungicide dibromochloropropane (DBCP). Drugs or chemicals, such as... 

Fischer, R., Budde, L, and Hain, R., Stilbene synthase gene expression causes changes in flower colour and male sterility in tobacco. Plant J., 11, 489, 1997. 

Van der Meer, l.M. et al., Antisense inhibition of flavonoid biosynthesis in Petunia anthers results in male sterility, Plant Cell, 4, 253, 1992. 

Napoli, C.A. et al., White anther A Petunia mutant that abolishes pollen flavonol accumulation, induces male sterility, and is complemented by a chalcone synthase transgene, Plant Physiol, 120, 615, 1999. 

These standards can be met by adding male sterility traits to control pollen flow to avoid outcrossing. Some plant species that have enclosed flower structures would represent good candidates. A crop like corn, which is a wind-pollinated crop, can have tassels removed manually, and sterile varieties can be made to contain the pollen (Shama and Peterson, 2004). 

Male sterility due to deleterious nuelear genes is common in the cultivated potato (Howard, 1970). Because the marketable product is not seed, there is no selection pressure for high fertility in breeding programs. In fact, fruit development may partition resources away from tuber deld, so breeders may inadvertently select against high fertility (Jansky and Thompson, 1990). In addition, deleterious recessive alleles can accumulate in tetraploid potato cultivars because they are more easily masked than in diploids. 

Grun, R, Aubertin, M. (1966). Cytological expression of a eytoplasmie male sterility in Solanum. American Journal of Botany, 53,295-301. 

Hanneman, R. E. Jr., Reloquin, S. J. (1981). Genetic-cytoplasmic male sterility in progeny of 4x-2x crosses in cultivated potatoes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 59, 53-55. 

Iwanaga, M., Ortiz, R., Cipar, M. S., Peloquin, S. J. (1991). A restorer gene for genetic-cytoplasmic male sterility in eultivated potatoes. American Potato Journal, 68,19-28. 

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