Malarial parasites metabolism

Phisphumvidhi, P., and Langer, B. W., Jr. (1969). Malarial parasite metabolism The lactic acid dehydrogenase of Plasmodium berghei. Exp. Parasitol. 24, 37-41. 

Wendel WB. (1946) Influence of naphthoquinones on the respiratory and carbohydrate metabolism of malarial parasites. Fed Proc 5 406 07. 

Roth E Jr, Joulin V, Miwa S et al (1988) The use of enzymopathic human red cells in the study of malarial parasite glucose metabolism. Blood 71(5) 1408-1413... 

Kanaani J, Ginsburg H (1989) Metabolic interconnection between the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and its host erythrocyte. Regulation of ATP levels by means of an adenylate translocator and adenylate kinase. J Biol Chem 264(6) 3194-3199... 

Ulschmid JK, Rahlfs S, Schirmer RH, Becker K (2004) Adenylate kinase and GTP AMP phosphotransferase of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Central players in cellular energy metabolism. Mol Biochem Parasitol 136(2 ) 211-220... 

Finally, perhaps an explanation for the beneficial effects of coenzyme A (CoA), malate and pyruvate for the extracellular in vitro growth of P. lophurae found by Trager (1952) and interpreted by Moulder (1962) to neatly explain the shift in pattern of carbohydrate metabolism accompanying liberation of parasites from the host cell. .. (The) lack of CoA in free parasites logically explains the lessened rate of pyruvic acid oxidation via the Krebs cycle. It is difficult to escape the conclusion that the inability of plasmodia to synthesize CoA extracellularly results in extensive dislocations in glucose metabolism, which in turn contribute heavily to the restriction of the malarial parasite to an intracellular habitat is this malate and pyruvate could be linked to the generation of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) for glycolysis, and a CoA deficiency could limit activity in pathways other than the TCA cycle. 

Ball, E. G., McKee, R. W., Anfinsen, C. B., Cruz, W. O., and Geiman, Q. M. (1948). Studies on malarial parasites. IX. Chemical and metabolic changes during growth and multiplication in vivo and in vitro.. Biol. Chem. 168,547-571. 

Becker, K., Rahlfs, S., Nickel, C., and Schirmer, R. H. (2003b). Glutathione-functions and metabolism in the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Biol. Chem. 384,551-566. 

Bovamick, M., Lindsay, A., and Hellerman, L. (1946). Metabolism of the malarial parasite, with reference particularly to the action of antimalarial agents. II. Atabrine (quinacrine) inhibition of glucose oxidation in parasites initially depleted of substrate. Reversal by adenylic add.. Biol. Chem. 163,535-551. 

Moulder, J. (1948). The metabolism of malarial parasites. In "Annual Reviews of Microbiology" pp. 101-120. 

Rathod, P. K., and Reyes, P. (1983). Orotidylate-metabolizing enzymes of the human malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, differ from host cell enzymes. ]. Biol. Chem. 258, 2852-2855. 

Sherman, I. W. (1977a). Amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis in malarial parasites. Bull. World Health Organ. 55, 265-276. 

Yamada, K. A., and Sherman, I. W. (1981a). Purine metabolism by the avian malarial parasite Plasmodium lophurae. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 3, 253-264. 

Ali, S. N. and Fletcher, K. A. (1985) Carbohydrate metabolism of malarial parasites 1. Metabolism of lactate in P. knowlesi-infected monkey erythrocytes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. SOB 725-729. 

Plasmodium species. Much of the information on purine metabolism in malaria parasites has been obtained by comparing the salvage abilities of uninfected erythrocytes to infected erythrocytes. Although current emphasis is on the human malarial parasite, P. falciparum, much of the information on purine metabolism was obtained using intraerythrocytic forms of rodent (P. berghei) (52) and avian (P. lophurae) (53) parasites. Since no major differences seem to exist between these species and P. falciparum, the latter will be used as the representative species. 

Manandhar, M. S. P. and Van Dyke, K. (1975) Detailed purine salvage metabolism in and outside the free malarial parasite. Exp. Parasitol. 37 138-146. 

Mecfianism of Action A quinolone-methanol compound structurally similar to quinine that destroys the asexual blood forms of malarial pafhogens, Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale. Therapeutic Effect Inhibifs parasite growth. Pharmacokinetics Well absorbed from fhe gasfroinfesfinal (GI) tract. Protein binding 98%. Widely distributed, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Metabolized in liver. Primarily excreted in urine. Half-life 21-22 days. 

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