Main properties electrochemical stabilities

Many proposals have been made in which OM (mainly PAni) blends could be used. Some of them are visionary and creative, like roofs coated with photovoltaic cells, wallpaper with electrical heating capability, heated textiles, dust filters, and many more [62]. Often the expectation that such blends would have properties superior to those of carbon black-fiUed blends, in conductivity or in mechanical or colour aspects, guided the vision. Whereas PAni blends can actually deliver somewhat higher conductivity values (up to 50 S/cm, the best value for laboratory samples, see Ref [22b] and Ref [23a], 5 S/cm for technical scale [65]) compared to those of carbon black compounds (best values around 0.5 S/cm), the other presumed advantages are not there. Nor are mechanical or processing properties, electrochemical stability under applied voltage and current (like for heating devices), or the color aspects of PAni blend any better than with carbon black compounds. 

A polymer electrolyte with acceptable conductivity, mechanical properties and electrochemical stability has yet to be developed and commercialized on a large scale. The main issues which are still to be resolved for a completely successful operation of these materials are the reactivity of their interface with the lithium metal electrode and the decay of their conductivity at temperatures below 70 °C. Croce et al. found an effective approach for reaching both of these goals by dispersing low particle size ceramic powders in the polymer electrolyte bulk. They claimed that this new nanocomposite polymer electrolytes had a very stable lithium electrode interface and an enhanced ionic conductivity at low temperature. combined with good mechanical properties. Fan et al. has also developed a new type of composite electrolyte by dispersing fumed silica into low to moderate molecular weight PEO. 

Properties. These anodes, despite their good chemical inertness and electrochemical stability under high positive potential," " have nevertheless two main drawbacks they are... 

Assuming that the different inert components (binders, separator, current collector, can, etc.) have been properly selected for their chemical and electrochemical stability with the active materials and electrolyte (which is trivial in any battery design), the main location of side reactions is the interface between active materials and electrolyte. The interface between the negative material and electrolyte is the most weU known and studied. It is the site of a complex chemistry, which may obviously progress with time and temperature, and influence the ceU properties. 

Electrocatalysis is, in the majority of cases, due to the chemical catalysis of the chemical steps in an electrochemical multi-electron reaction composed of a sequence of charge transfers and chemical reactions. Two factors determine the effective catalytic activity of a technical electrocatalysts its chemical nature, which decisively determines its absorptive and fundamental catalytic properties and its morphology, which determines mainly its utilization. A third issue of practical importance is long-term stability, for which catalytic properties and utilization must occasionally be sacrificed. 

---