Magnetohydrodynamic interactions

Equilibrium in a fluid plasma at constant temperature defines a complex state of interactions between electrons, ions and photons, involving dissociation and recombination between all different species and the creation of equally complex electromagnetic fields. The study of conducting fluids in electric or magnetic fields is known as magnetohydrodynamics. 

As an application example, in the field of magnetohydrodynamics, the profile sensor measured the temporal evolution of the velocity field near the electrode at a copper electrolysis experiment under the influence of a magnetic field in order to study the interaction between Lorentz force and buoyancy-driven convection [6]. 

The current efficiency of an actual HaU-Heroult (HH) ceU depends on internal interactions in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow, reactions in different zones of the cell, electrical contact system, operating parameters, and anode-to-cathode distance, hi principle, Haupin and Frank [65] developed a model of relevant zones within the HHceR. This model is shown in Figure 7.12 and it suggests that the possible interactions that are related to current efficiency and energy consumption may be attributable to diverse potentials in the these zones... 

More recently, shock waves and other details associated with flows at speeds greater than that of sound in the fluid (supersonic flows) have been introduced. Still more recently, the interaction of magnetic fields with the flow of charged particles has been extensively studied and formulated into a body of theory known as magnetohydrodynamics. In connection with the space effort and the performance of vacuum systems, it became necessary to study the flow of fluids at such low pressures that the mean free path of molecular motion plays an important role. At the other extreme, the flow of fluids must be studied under such high pressures that densification sufficient to cause solid-like behavior results. This latter area is still to be explored. 

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