MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC FLOW

Furthermore, the key factor in successful HH cells (pot operations) is to predict and maintain MHD stability. This leads to the characterization of the internal MHD flow using Navier-Stokes equation of motion and Maxwell s equations, including of charge distribution, Faraday s law of induction. Ohm s law, Lorentz force law, Pcasson s equation, and even LaHace s equation. The set of these laws and equations constitute the MHD expressions. 

Fot isotropic and homogeneous fluids the Navier-Stokes equation of motion in terms of fluid velocity is 

P = Scalar hydrodynamic pressure NJcir ) a = Electric conductivity e = Dielectric constant 

Details on mathematical modeling an electromagnetic problem in molten salt electrolysis can be found elsewhere [36-37,45-61]. In fact, V B = 0 implies that the magnetic lines are path-independent since they close on themselves. Also, V B = eUv B = 0 is the divergence of the vector B, VxE = curl E is the curl of the vector E, and JxB is a vector product. 

According to Hughes and Young [64], the most general form of the electromagnetic body forces (F ) in a control volume filled with a fluid that includes the effects of charge and current interactions can be determined by 

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Nakabayashi S, Krastev I, Aogaki R, Inokuma K (1998) Electrochemical instability of Ag/Sb co-deposition coupled with a magnetohydrodynamic flow. Chem Phys Lett 294 204-208... 

The velocity and temperature profiles are obtained analytically and used to compute the entropy generation number in viscoelastic magnetohydrodynamic flow over a stretching surface... 

Aiboud, S., Saouli, S. (2010). Entropy analysis for viscoelastic magnetohydrodynamics flow over a stretching surface, Int. J. Non-Einear Mech. 45, pp. 482-489, ISSN 0020-7462. 

Gundersen Linearized Analysis of One-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Flows... 

Ganesh, S., Krishnambal, S., 2006. Magnetohydrodynamic flow of viscous fluid between two parallel porous plates. J. Appl. Sci. Asian Netw. Sci. Info. 6, 2420-2425. 

Sai, K.S., Rao, B.N., 2000. Magnetohydrodynamic flow in a rectangular duct with suction and injection. Acta Mech. 140, 57-64. 

Verma, P.D., Mathur, A.K., 1969. Magnetohydrodynamic flow between two parallel plates, one in uniform motion and the other at rest with uniform suction at the stationary plate. Proc. Natl. Inst. Sd. India 35A, 507-517. 

Binary liquid metal systems were used in liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic generators and liquid-metal fuel cell systems for which boiling heat transfer characteristics were required. Mori et al. (1970) studied a binary liquid metal of mercury and the eutectic alloy of bismuth and lead flowing through a vertical, alloy steel tube of 2.54-cm (1-in) O.D., which was heated by radiation in an electric furnace. In their experiments, both axial and radial temperature distributions were measured, and the liquid temperature continued to increase when boiling occurred. A radial temperature gradient also existed even away from the thin layer next to the... 

Igumenshchev, I.V., Narayan, R., Abramowicz, M.A. (2003), Three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of radiatively inefficient accretion flows , ApJ 592, 1042. 

Rubidium metal and its salts bave very few commercial apphcations. They are used in research involving magnetohydrodynamics and thermoionic experiments. Rubidium is used in pbotocells. The metal also is a getter of oxygen in vacuum tubes. The beta-emitter rubidium -87 is used to determine age of some rocks and minerals. Radioisotopes of rubidium have been used as radioactive tracers to trace the flow of blood in the body. The iodide salt treats goiters. Rubidium salts are in pharmaceuticals as soporifics, sedatives, and for treating epilepsy. 

The Hall Effect, in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), rotates the current vector away from the direction of the electric field and generally reduces the level of the force that the magnetic field exerts on the flow. It is usually measured by the parameter cor, where co = eB/m is the angular velocity of the electron orbits around the field lines, and r is the mean time between scattering collisions for the electrons. The form of Ohm s law which accounts for the Hall Effect (See Ref 2a) is ... 

We note that later too—even in recent years—Ya.B. has turned his attention to this sphere of problems we have here a paper by Ya.B. devoted to diffusion in a one-dimensional fluid flow (6), papers on hydrodynamics and thermal processes in shock waves which are reviewed in the next section, and on the hydrodynamics of the Universe in the next volume in the section devoted to astrophysics and cosmology. Here we consider only Ya.B. s papers on magnetohydrodynamics or, more precisely, on the problem of magnetic... 

M 9] [P 8] Owing to the DC potential difference, visible flow was clearly induced for a water-filled chamber with a central dyed line by magnetohydrodynamic action [96], Upwards and downwards fluid motion in a rotating fashion was observed. 

J. K., Lane, W., Mathewson, A., Berney, H., Application of magnetohydrodynamic actuation to continuous flow chemistry, Lab Chip 2002, 2, 224-230. 

N. Leventis and X. Gao, Magnetohydrodynamic electrochemistry in the field of Nd-Fe-B magnets. Theory, experiment, and application in self-powered flow delivery systems, AtioL Chem., 73 (2001) 3981-3992. 

Combinations of fluid flow with chemical reactions in combustion, with electromagnetic phenomena in magnetohydrodynamics, with mass transport in distillation or drying... 

For the dual coolant design, to reduce the MHD (magnetohydrodynamic)-induced pressure drop in the flowing Pb-17Li, an electrically and thermally insulating component called a Flow Channel Insert (FCl) is located within each steel channel. Therefore, it must satisfy the following requirements ... 

Grigoriev S.A., Martemianov S., Fateev V.N. Electrodiffusion diagnostics of flow regimes in PEM fuel cells. Magnetohydrodynamics, 2003,v.39,N4,p.475-483. 

In microfluidics, control and manipulation of fluid flow can be accomplished by pressure-driven, electrokinetic, magnetohydrod3mamic, centrifugal, and capillary forces. When forces such as electrokinetic and magnetohydrodynamic forces act on the walls of a microcharmel, a slip in the fluid flow occurs at the walls. On the other hand, when forces such as pressure-driven forces act on the inlet or outlet, a laminar flow of fluid experiences no slip at the walls. Thus, the middle of the charmel flows at a higher velocity than near the... 

As dimension shrinks, the surface area to volume ratio increases by orders of magnitude. Many forces or fields, which are not significant in macroscale fluid flow, become important in manipulating and controlling fluids in microfiuidics. These effects include thermal capillary effect, electroosmosis, surface tension, and magnetohydrodynamics. These forces or fields provide us alternative means to control the microfiuidic flow behaviors. The electroosmosis has been applied and investigated by some researchers. Gao et al. [5] and Wang et al. [6] developed a theoretical model to predict... 

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