Magneto-hydrodynamics flow

Circulation of the electrolyte through the parallel plate cell was provided by a magnetic pump (Iwaki MD 50 R) and the electrolyte flow rate was measured with a magneto hydrodynamic flow meter (Deltaflux). 

Vatazhin, A.B., Lubimov, G.A, Regirer, S.A. (1970), Magneto-Hydrodynamic Flows in Chatmels,Nauka(Science), Moscow. 

External energy sources for active mixing are, for example, ultrasound [22], acoustic, bubble-induced vibrations [23,24], electrokinetic instabilities [25], periodic variation of flow rate [26-28], electrowetting induced merging of droplets [29], piezoelectric vibrating membranes [30], magneto-hydrodynamic action [31], small impellers [32], integrated micro valves/pumps [33] and many others, which are listed in detail in Section 1.2. 

Magneto-Hydrodynamics in Flow Control and Power Extraction... 

Sears, W.R. (1959). Magneto-hydrodynamic effects in aerodynamic flows. ARS Journal 29(6) 397-406. American Rocket Society New York NY. 

The above tests have been repeated with liquid nitrogen with the same results, A similar response, at a reduced sensitivity, has been obtained with various hydrocarbons and with distilled water. These tests definitely prove that cavitation in various liquids coincidentally produces an omnidirectional magnetic field which may be observed and recorded with proper electronic instrumentation. To the author s knowledge, this is the first time this new phenomenon has been observed and reported. It should be realized that this new phenomenon is extremely important, since it opens up an entirely new field in the study and control of hydrodynamic flow. Preliminary analytical studies indicate this phenomenon is a part of the new field of Magneto-Hydrodynamics, Previous studies in this field of Magneto-Hydrodynamics have indicated that fluid flows may be influenced or controlled by the application of electrostatic and electromagnetic fields, with an electric current flow in the... 

It should be noted that chaos control can only be obtained if deterministic chaos is involved. In case of (i) chaotic laser (ii) diode (iii) hydrodynamic and magneto-elastic systems and (iv) more recently myocardial tissue, feedback algorithm has been successfully applied to stabilize periodic oscillations. Quite recently, in order to stabilize periodic behaviour in the chaotic regime of oscillatory B-Z reaction, Showalter [14] and co-workers (1998) applied proportional feedback mechanism. Feedback was applied to the system by perturbing the flow rate of cesium-bromate solutions in the reactor keeping the flow rate of malonic acid fixed in these experiments. This experimental arrangement helped the stabilization of periodic behaviour within the chaotic regime. 

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