Magnetization force, total

The total cost of this titan of magnetic force, the world s largest particle accelerator 5.3 billion. When and if it is built—Congress, at this writing, still has not approved the project—scientists will have access to the largest, costliest research tool in the world, and the most powerful instrument for probing the structure of matter. 

To define the thennodynamic state of a system one must specify fhe values of a minimum number of variables, enough to reproduce the system with all its macroscopic properties. If special forces (surface effecls, external fields—electric, magnetic, gravitational, etc) are absent, or if the bulk properties are insensitive to these forces, e.g. the weak terrestrial magnetic field, it ordinarily suffices—for a one-component system—to specify fliree variables, e.g. fhe femperature T, the pressure p and the number of moles n, or an equivalent set. For example, if the volume of a surface layer is negligible in comparison with the total volume, surface effects usually contribute negligibly to bulk thennodynamic properties. 

These usually consist of a non-magnetic casing, a rotor, and an electromagnetic pickup. The rotor is either a propeller or turbine freely suspended on ball bearings in the path of the flowing fluid with the axis of rotation in line with the flow. The rotor turns in the fluid flow stream at a rate proportional to the flow rate. As the rotor turns it cuts through the lines of force of an electric field produced by an adjacent induction coil. The electrical pulse output from the induction coil pickup is amplified and fed to readout instruments or recorders to give either total flow or flow rate [Holland and Chapman (1966)]. 

The effect increased with penetration of the wave front into the electric field. Addition of a magnetic field decreased the total current across the slug, by about 40% when the j x B force was in the direction of wave propagation, but by about 25% when the force was against this direction. There was no effect on the wave speed unless the j x B force was against the flow, in which case the wave speed was lowered by up to 10% on account of an increase of turbulence in the boundary layer. The changes in wave structure observed were attributed to the "Hall Effect ... 

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