Magnetic resonance imaging, principles

Buxton, R.B. Introduction to Fimctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Principles and Techniques. Cambridge University Press, 2002. 

Figure 16.11. Successive proton images of the spine of the same subject showing two different types of contrast. (Reprinted with permission from Wehrli FW, Shaw D, Kneeland JB, eds. Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Principles. Methodology and Applications. VCH Publishers, Inc., Weinheim, Germany, 1988. Copyright 1988 VCH Publishers, Ine.)...

D.M. Kean and M. Smith, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Principles and Applications (Heinemann, London, 1986). 

V. Kuperman 2000, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Physical Principles and Applications, Academic Press, New York, 182 pp. Textbook - hardware and technique, some flow. 

E. M. Haacke, R. W. Brown, M. R. Thompson, R. Venkatesan 1999, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Physical Principles and Sequence Design, Wiley Sons, Chichester, 914 pp. Extensive textbook with focus on fundamentals, not on applications. 

The underlying physical principles of NMR have been established and are well understood.8 Applications of both solid- and solution-state NMR spectroscopy can be found in many different disciplines. It is routinely used in structural elucidation of organic and inorganic compounds, polymers, and biomolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates). Additionally, NMR can be used to study molecular interactions (e.g., protein-protein and protein-ligand), molecular dynamics, and chemical reactions. It has also been used extensively in medical research and imaging (magnetic resonance imaging). 

Kaacke E, Brown R, MR T, Venkatesan R (1999). Magnetic resonance imaging physical principles and sequence design, Wiley, New York... 

Zhi-Pei, L. Lauterbur, P. C. Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging -, IEEE Press, 2000. 

Bushong, S.C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Physical and Biological Principles, 3rd Edition, Elsevier Science, New York, NY, 2003. 

Chapters 4-6 address specific diagnostic methods in PEFCs. Martin et al. provide a detailed review of methods for distributed diagnostics of species, temperature, and current in PEFCs in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5, Hussey and Jacobson describe the operational principles of neutron radiography for in-situ visualization of liquid water distribution, and also outline issues related to temporal and spatial resolution. Tsushima and Hirai describe both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for visualization of water in PEFCs and tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) for measurement of water vapor concentration in Chapter 6. 

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a newer technique based on the same principles as H-NMR. The 2003 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was awarded to Paul C. 

Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM (2002) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 122 1649-1657 Coatney RW (2001) Ultrasound imaging principles and applications in rodent research. liar Journal 42 233-247 Cockman MD, Hayes DA, Kuzmak BR (1993) Motion suppression improves quantification of rat liver volume in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 30 355-360... 

S. W. Young, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Basic Principles, Raven Press, New York, 1988. 

Aqua complexes of Gd(III) with stabilizing ligands such as DTPA and DOTA have found extensive uses in clinical magnetic resonance imaging procedures [112,113]. These contrastenhancing agents work on the principle of altering the relaxation time (Ti) of water molecules... 

Haacke EM, Brown RW, Thompson MR, Venkatesan R (1999) Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Physical Principles and Sequence Design. New York, NY John Wiley and Sons. 

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