Magnetic field distance from surface

Figure 14.3 Profile of the magnetic field at the surface of electrode. Solid line perpendicular (to the electrode surface) component. Dotted line parallel component, r distance from the center of electrode.

It is suggested though that even more precise sizing of cracks with complex cross-sections and unknown shapes could be achieved using the distribution of the leakage magnetic field along two lines positioned above the surface of the sample and parallel to the direction of the applied field at the same distance from the centre of the crack and from its closer end. 

The ionosphere is part of the larger magnetosphere, a cavity in the stream of particles from the sun. The cavity is produced by the earth s magnetic field (56,57). The ionosphere and the Van AHen radiation belt He within the plasmasphere, which extends to a maximum distance of about 15,000 km above the earth s surface. 

Callisto orbits Jupiter at a distance of 1.9 million kilometres its surface probably consists of silicate materials and water ice. There are only a few small craters (diameter less than a kilometre), but large so-called multi-ring basins are also present. In contrast to previous models, new determinations of the moon s magnetic field suggest the presence of an ocean under the moon s surface. It is unclear where the necessary energy comes from neither the sun s radiation nor tidal friction could explain this phenomenon. Ruiz (2001) suggests that the ice layers are much more closely packed and resistant to heat release than has previously been assumed. He considers it possible that the ice viscosities present can minimize heat radiation to outer space. This example shows the complex physical properties of water up to now, twelve different crystallographic structures and two non-crystalline amorphous forms are known Under the extreme conditions present in outer space, frozen water may well exist in modifications with as yet completely unknown properties. 

The magnetically induced electric field falls off much less rapidly with distance than the fields from the surface electrodes, thus enabling structures at greater depths to be stimulated without the high fields at the surface that stimulate pain fibers. For example, relative to the surface field, the magnetically induced electric field at a depth of 40 mm will be approximately 10 times greater than that produced by the large electrode pair. (Barker 1991)... 

The increase of current magnifies the similar profile except in the middle section of the magnetron, particularly in the parallel components. The influence of distance from the surface for the perpendicular and parallel components is shown in Figure 14.11a and b, respectively. The distorted magnetic field at the middle of the magnetron is limited to the region near the surface. Away from the surface the... 

Figure 14.11 (a) The influence of the distance from the surface on magnetic field profile... 

Figure 15.26 depicts the effect of electrode distance on the distribution pattern of deposition rate with PM and OM configurations. The distance from the counterelectrode influences the magnetic field strength near the substrate surface in a... 

Figure 17.8 The dependence of parallel magnetic field strength distribution on electrode distance at z = 0.0mm (-8//stmax = 1550 G, d is the distance between the anode surface and the cathode surface, z is the distance from the anode surface to the measurement location, cathode material is a 7 x 7 in. cold-rolled steel plate).

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