Magnetic efficiency

The application of fundamentally new ECT (Russia patent Jf 2063025) has made it possible to provide high-efficiency defect control accompanied by detecting both small surface defects and more rough under-surface defects under non-magnetic metal layer of 7 mm thick, or surface defects under protection coatings, dye, corrosion, hermetic and other type of layer of 10 mm thick. 

The original method employed was to scan eitiier the frequency of the exciting oscillator or to scan the applied magnetic field until resonant absorption occiined. Flowever, compared to simultaneous excitation of a wide range of frequencies by a short RF pulse, the scanned approach is a very time-inefficient way of recording the spectrum. Flence, with the advent of computers that could be dedicated to spectrometers and efficient Fourier transfomi (FT) algoritluns, pulsed FT NMR became the nomial mode of operation. 

When the curvature of the reaction vessel is too great for the efficient operation of the bar type magnetic stirrer, a miniature solenoid-operated reciprocating stirrer may be employed (Fig. XII, 2, 19). This stirrer may be easilj constructed from a telephone relay or electric bell. It is advisable to have a control for adjusting the stroke while running. 

Separation of ions according to their m/z values can be effected by magnetic and/or electric fields used as mass analyzers, which are described in Chapters 24 through 27. However, apart from measurement of m/z values, there is often a need to be able to transmit ions as efficiently as possible from one part of a mass spectrometer to another without any mass separation. 

Variable Flow Rate Conventional variable clearance volume and valve lifting devices are impracticable at high pressures and, should it be necessary to vary the flow rate, use has to be made of variable speed electric drives or magnetic clutches. Integral steam and gas engines have been used and Burckhardt (168) developed an hydrauhc drive to provide an integrated variable capacity machine, but its efficiency is less than that of a straight mechanical drive. 

The saddle-shaped configuration (Fig. 22c) is the most efficient configuration for linear channels. The two saddle shaped cods are located parallel to each other the MHD channel is located in the gap between the two cods. The longitudinal part of the conductors Hes parallel to the direction of flow in the MHD channel, the direction of the field being transverse to the flow in the horizontal plane. This configuration is the most efficient in its use of magnetic... 

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