Magnesium hydroxide -red phosphorus

Additives which are particularly effective include PE and magnesium hydroxide - red phosphorus [3]. 

Various types of flame retardant additives have been used in polyamides including magnesium hydroxide - red phosphorus in glass fibre reinforced polyamide [76], chemically modified montmorillonite organoclays [77], surface modified nanosilica [77], carbon nanofibres in polyamides 11 and 12 [78], and dodecyl sulfate anion-modified MgAl (H-DS) interlayers in polyamide 6 [79]. 

J.P. Lv and W.H. Liu, Flame retardancy and mechanical properties of EVA nanocomposites based on magnesium hydroxide nano-particles/microcapsulated red phosphorus, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2007, 105 333-340. 

Braun U, Schartel B. Flame retardant mechanisms of red phosphorus and magnesium hydroxide in high impact polystyrene. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2004 205 2185-2196. 

Fichera MA, Braun U, Schartel B, Sturm H, Knoll U, Jager C, Solid-state NMR investigations of the pyrolysis and thermo-oxidative decomposition products of a polystyrene/red phosphorus/magnesium hydroxide system. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2007 78 378-386. 

Typical fillers calcium carbonate, clay, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc oxide, silica, quartz, red phosphorus... 

Typical fillers calcium carbonate, talc, glass fiber, glass beads, glass flakes, silica flour, wollastonite, mica, sepiolite, magnesium hydroxide, carbon black, clay, metal powders (aluminum, iron, nickel), steel fiber, si-licium carbide, phenolic microspheres, wood fiber and flour, antimony trioxide, hydrotalcite, zinc borate, bismuth carbonate, red phosphorus, potassium-magnesium aluminosilicate, fly ash, hydromagnesite-huntite... 

The Py-GC-MS results show that the addition of magnesium hydroxide and phosphorns to LLDPE resin leads to great changes of the ratio of heavy compounds and light compounds. The LLDPE/40% magnesinm hydroxide/10% red phosphorus composite produces heavier compounds than the LLDPE/50% magnesium hydroxide composite. 

When pyrolysis is carried out at 150 °C the components occurring at the maximum concentration in the hydrocarbon region are located in the C23 region for virgin linear low-density polyethylene (LLLDPE), LDPE - 50% magnesium hydroxide and LLDPE - 40% magnesium hydroxide - 10% red phosphorus. 

Several FR systems have come to the market from various sources. 58% are halogenated products preferred for their better thermal stability. 42% are non-halogenated t5q)es used when a high CTI is specified these can be broken down into 22% red phosphorus products, 16% melamine cyanurate and the remaining 4% of magnesium hydroxide. 

Red phosphorus flame-retardants are effective in thermoset resin systems and also elastomers, often combined with ATH, or magnesium hydroxide in elastomers. A wide range of treated red phosphorus in dispersion or concentrate form, offered by Clariant, is easier to handle and safer to transport, compared with powder grades. Such phosphorus additives do not affect the electrical properties of the composite, and they have little impact on the physical properties of the laminates manufactured. 

Zinc borate can be used as a fire retardant in PVC, polyolefins, elastomers, polyamides, and epoxy resins. In hal( en-containing systems, it is used in conjunction with antimony oxide, while in halogen-free systems it is normally used in conjunction with other FRs such as aluminum trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, or red phosphorus. In a small number of specific applications, zinc borate can be used alone. 

Other flame retardants Inorganic phosphorus Ammonium polyphosphate Red phosphorus Melamines Melamine crystal Melamine cyanurate Melamine phosphates Magnesium hydroxide Molybdeniun compoimds Zinc borate... 

With halogen-containing systems, zinc borate can partially or completely replace the antimony synergist in PVC, notably wire and cable, wallcoverings, roof membranes and tarpaulins. It is also effective in polyolefins, elastomers, polyamides and epoxy polymers while, in halogen-free systems, it can be used in conjunction with alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide or red phosphorus. 

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