Network macrostructure

Whether the membrane is produced by a dry process or a wet process, the structure of the membrane is generally a network. The microstructure of the network and the macrostructure of the membrane define the performance of the membrane. 

It is of both academic and practical interest to obtain information on (a) the macrostructure of the network, (b) the molecular microstructure, and (c) the development of macro and microstructures with the passage of time and the establishment of reaction mechanisms. 

By network macrostructure is meant such features as molecular weight between cross-links , the extent and dimensions of chain ends, and entanglement contributions. At a more refined level this would also include information on the distribution of cross-link concen-... 

Texture has been defined as the way in which various constituents and structural elements are arranged and combined into a micro- and macrostructure and this structure is externally manifested in terms of flow and deformation [1], The structural elements of fats consist of solid fat crystals. They are suspended in liquid oil and when present in sufficient quantity form a three-dimensional network that imparts plastic properties to the fat. The external manifestations of this network structure include a number of physical and mechanical properties such as hardness, softness, spreadability, brittleness, shortening power, and aeration properties. 

The macrostructure of the asphalt polymer mixtures was examined using epifluorescence microscopy. Our observations confirm previous reports [6, 22, 23] that there are basically two phases existent in asphalt-polymer blends, a continuous asphalt rich phase and a polymer rich phase. The dispersed polymer rich phases are expected to improve the toughness of brittle asphalt at low temperatures and reinforce asphalt at high temperatures [24, 25]. The high temperature enhancement will be more pronounced if the polymer can form a network-like structure, i.e. the polymer concentration exceeds the overlap concentration, c [6]. The CPE rich... 

Action of LPVL upon polysaccharides can result from a resonance of sin wave of that light with vibrating, and changing its dipole moment in organized macrostructures of the solid polysaccharide network [16]... 

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