Macroscopic regime

Recently a hierarchy of methods has been developed which covers the mapping of polymers to a mesoscopic level as well as the reintroduction of the atomistic structure [43-45]. Section 6 (Kremer, Murat, Hahn) gives some very first attempts to bridge the gap from microscopic to mesoscopic [43,44] and thereafter to the semi-macroscopic regime [45] within a simulation scheme. 

At the end of the millennium, chemists have become more adventuresome as they prepare and characterize nanoscopic materials and probe the macroscopic regime. There is little doubt that as confidence continues to grow, coupled with the creation of new instrumentation, the next century will unveil unnatural constructs of perfect, predictable nanostructures with molecular weights of currently unprecedented magnitude. 

Figure 2. The effect of decreasing particle size (particle nuclearity) on the electronic structure of a metal. The figure attempts to link the bulk, macroscopic regime (with the associated Fermi energy) with the situation of an emerging energy (Kubo) gap arising from the finite size of the particle. The various metalhc and insulating regimes of the mesoscopic regime are identified. Modified from Johnston. ...

Figure 3. The fragmentation of bulk sodium a plot of the average electronic energy-level spacing (the Kubo gap), 3, as a fraction of the particle diameter. The figure also shows the calculated percentage of surface sodium atoms, P, as a fraction of the particle diameter. Modified from Harrison and Edwards. The approximate location of the microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic regimes are also indicated.

Critical radius Rcr determining transformation from torch regime of reactor operating (macroscopic regime B) into plug-flow regime in turbulent flows (type A) depends on the correlation between monomer diffusion (Dt) and active sites deactivation (kd) [1,28,42-44] ... 

Observations in the laboratory are normally made in the macroscopic regime of chemistry. 

Solution interactions are ubiquitous in most pharmaceutical processes in both micro and macroscopic regimes. Water is a major component of the vapor and liquid phases that co-crystals encounter therefore, it is natural to ask what the consequences of such solution phase processes are on co-crystal aqueous solution behavior and what errors can occur if they are ignored. The answers to these questions will be addressed in the following sections. 

An ellipsometric profile of a very small drop is shown in Fig. 7. The maximum thickness is of the order of 200 i, which means that long-range forces are important everywhere in this drop, and no macroscopic regime remains. Such drops are totally invisible by bare eye. As time goes they progressively flatten down, and evolve towards a thin liquid film of uniform thickness. ... 

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