Crystal aqueous solution

Nielsen, A.E. and Sohnel, O., 1971. Interfacial tensions, electrolyte crystal aqueous solution, from nucleatioii data. Journal of Crystal Growth. 11, 233-242. 

Nielsen, A. E., and O. Sohnel (1971), "Interfacial Tension Electrolyte Crystal-Aqueous Solution, from Nucleation Data", J. Cryst. Growth 11,233-242. 

Figure 10,2 Deviations from Nernst s law in crystal-aqueous solution equilibria, as obtained from application of various thermodynamic models. (A and B) Regular solution (liyama, 1974). (C) Two ideal sites model (Roux, 1971a). (D) Model of local lattice distortion (liyama, 1974). Reprinted from Ottonello (1983), with kind permission of Theophrastus Publishing and Proprietary Co.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide a detailed description of complex systems in a wide range of time and spatial scales.138 Simulations involve a statistical uncertainty component as the result of the finite length of the simulation.139 143 MD methods generate a series of time-correlated points in phase space by propagating a suitable starting set of coordinates and velocities according to Newton s second equation. This kind of computational simulations are useful in studies of time evolution of a variety of systems biological molecules, polymers, or catalytic materials, and in a variety of states crystal, aqueous solutions, or in the gas phase. 

The most utilized PAI congeners, namely B-PEI and L-PEI, have quite different solubility behaviour. B-PEI is soluble in water, independent of solution pH, and various organic solvents, while L-PEI in its free base form is insoluble in water and most organic solvents at room temperature, except lower alcohols, due to the formation of insoluble L-PEI crystals. Aqueous solutions of the L-PEI freebase also display temperature-dependent solubility behaviour as it becomes soluble in water above 64 °C. FTIR spectroscopy has confirmed that this phase transition is due to a melting transition from a crystalline zig-zag state to the hydrated random coil state.When cooled from the heated soluble state, the polymer forms a crystalline fibre-based hydrogel, which can be chemically crosslinked with glutaric anhydride. ... 

Temperature Effects on Platinum Single-Crystal/Aqueous Solution Interphases. Combining Gibbs Thermodynamics with Laser-Pulsed Experiments... 

Temperature Effects on Ft Single-Crystal/Aqueous Solution Interphases 5... 

Temperature Effects on Pt Single-Crystal/Aqueous Solution Interphases 7... 

Temperature Effects on Pt Slngle-Crystal/Aqueous Solution Interphascs 23... 

Solution interactions are ubiquitous in most pharmaceutical processes in both micro and macroscopic regimes. Water is a major component of the vapor and liquid phases that co-crystals encounter therefore, it is natural to ask what the consequences of such solution phase processes are on co-crystal aqueous solution behavior and what errors can occur if they are ignored. The answers to these questions will be addressed in the following sections. 

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