Entity microscopic

Careflil examination of a piece of coal shows that it is usually made up of layers or bands of different materials which upon microscopic examination are distinct entities distinguishable by optical characteristics (10—12). The study of the origin, composition, and technological appHcation of these materials is called coal petrology, whereas coal petrography involves the systematic quantification of the amounts and characteristics by microscopic study. The petrology of coal may involve either a macroscopic or microscopic scale. 

Liquid Crystal Third Phase. In addition to micelles and microemulsion droplets, surfactants may form Hquid crystals. A Hquid crystal is a separate phase, which comes out of solution, not like the micelles or microemulsion droplets, which are microscopic entities within the solution. 

Microorganisms Microscopic living entities, viruses, bacteria, and yeasts. 

It is often observed that crystals do not exist as discrete entities but, especially when viewed under the optical microscope, appear to comprise agglomerated particles. Even a cursory glance at the literature quickly shows that the subject of agglomeration spans several disciplines including crystallography, materials... 

The choice of method from available resources depends largely upon the properties of the material to be analyzed, the basic significance or physical wearing of the measurement, and the purpose for which the information is required. For example, failure to disperse the particles as discrete entities is the biggest single problem in all size analysis methods that depend on individual particulate behavior. With microscopic techniques particles must be dispersed on the slide to permit observation of individual particles, and in sedimentation techniques the material must be suspended in the fluid so that the particles behave as individuals and not as floes. 

To further elaborate on this last point, it should be noted that once corpuscular theory is introduced it should provide students with meaningful descriptions, explanations and predictions of macroscopic phenomena and relationships in terms of sub-microscopic entities such as atoms, molecules and electrons. But, alas, according to the foram of experts in chemical education, it does not (Van Berkel et al., 2000). Not only students, but also teachers as well as textbook writers make mistakes with regard to the macro/sub-micro/symbolic levels. Here are some examples mentioned by the international and Dutch fomm. 

A model is one of the main outcomes of ary scientific enquiry and hence is a major contributor to philosophy of science. A model may be defined as a simplified representation of a phenomenon (an object, system, event, process) or idea produced for the specific purpose of providing an explanation of that entity, the most important outcomes of which are the production of successful predictions of how it will behave under a range of circumstances (Gilbert, Boulter, Elmer, 2000). Entities can be modelled at the three levels at the macroscopic, by representing some of the aspects of the entity that can be seen at the sub-microscopic, by representing the ideas produced to explain the constitution and behaviour of the particles that constitute the entity and at the symbolic, by representing the symbols created to simplify the reference to such particles (as, for instance, chemical formulae and chemical equations). 

According to his deduction the common finding of ellipsoidal deformation of the reflections is indicative for affine deformation. Moreover, he arrives at an equation that permits to determine with high accuracy the microscopical draw ratio, Xd, of the structural entities from the ellipticity of the deformed Debye sphere. This value can be compared to the macroscopical draw ratio. Even the intensity distribution along the ellipsoidal ridge is predicted for a bcc-lattice of spheres, and deviations of experimental data are discussed. 

Figure 10.2. Plot of the positions (x,y) of peak maxima extracted on radial rays in a moderately oriented SAXS fiber pattern according to BRANDT RULAND [265], A microscopical draw ratio Xj = 1.41 of the structural entities is determined from the slope... 

The main differences when compared to conventional fluorescence microscopes are based on several entities. A laser beam - usually an argon-krypton laser-is used for the illumination of the sample. The focused illuminating beam scans across the specimen by means of rotating mirrors, followed by a point-by-point signal collection which results in a raster sweep of the specimen at one particular focal plane. This is indicated by the term laser scanning. ... 

Observable constants, usually thermodynamic dissociation constants, for the association of a particular ligand with two or more sites on a larger molecular entity (e.g., a macromolecule). Macroscopic constants are composites of microscopic (i.e., intrinsic) constants. 

Finally, the combination of dendrimers and organometallic entities as fundamental building blocks affords an opportunity to construct an infinite variety of organometallic starburst polymeric superstructures of nanoscopic, microscopic, and even macroscopic dimensions. These may represent a promising class of organometallic materials due to their specific properties, and potential applications as magnetic ceramic precursors, nonlinear optical materials, and liquid crystal devices in nanoscale technology. 

Coal Petrography. Of the 36 samples examined microscopically, approximately one-half contained gas vacuoles produced by thermal distillation of the coal. Thus, these coals that might otherwise have been referred to the rank of anthracite can be regarded as natural coke. All the samples, including those with gas vesicles, appeared to be fairly dense, with no macroscopic indication of a coke-structure development. The samples with the most advanced vacuole development appeared to be almost metallic in luster. All the coal entities normally encountered—vitrinoids, micrinoids, semifusinoids, and fusinoids— were present, whereas the exinoids and resinoids, which are difficult to identify with certainty in semianthracite or anthracite, were not positively identified in... 

Kinetic Theory. In the kinetic theory and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, fluid properties are associated with averages of pruperlies of microscopic entities. Density, for example, is the average number of molecules per unit volume, times the mass per molecule. While much of the molecular theory in fluid dynamics aims to interpret processes already adequately described by the continuum approach, additional properties and processes are presented. The distribution of molecular velocities (i.e., how many molecules have each particular velocity), time-dependent adjustments of internal molecular motions, and momentum and energy transfer processes at boundaries are examples. 

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