Macromolecules absorption

Patton, J. 1996. Mechanisms of macromolecule absorption by the lungs. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 19, 3-36. 

Albani, J.R. (2004). Structure and Dynamics of Macromolecules Absorption and Fluorescence Studies, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Patton JS. Mechanism of macromolecule absorption by the lung. Adv Drug Deliv 1996 19 3. 

Although aerosols of various forms for treatment of respiratory disorders have been in use since the middle of the twentieth century, the interest in the use of pulmonary route for systemic drug delivery is recent. Interest in this approach has been further stimulated by the demonstration of potential utility of lung as a portal for entry of peptides and the feasibility of gene therapy for cystic fibrosis. It is important to understand the mechanism of macromolecule absorption by the lungs for an effective use of this route. 

STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF MACROMOLECULES ABSORPTION AND FLUORESCENCE STUDIES... 

Daniels, V. G. (1972). The effect of diet on the time of intestinal macromolecule absorption in the newborn rat intestine. J. Physiol, 226, 112 Dansher, G., Fjerdingstad, E. J., Fjerdingstad, E. and Fredens, K. (1976). Heavy metal content in subdivisions of the rat hippocampus (zinc, lead and copper). Brain Res., 112, 442... 

Following on reports (referred to above) of macromolecule absorption facilitated by surfactants, there have been successful attempts to achieve insulin absorption per rectum [127-129, 126]. Non-ionic ethers, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants, as well as bile acids, increased absorption. The optimal effect has been obtained with 1 % polyoxyethylene (9) lauryl ether [128], the effect of both polyoxyethylene chain length and alkyl chain having been... 

Enantioselective differences in absorption, metaboHsm, clearance, dmg— macromolecule binding affinity, and other factors, which culminate in the observed enantioselective efficacy of chiral dmgs, are considered herein. More inclusive Hsts of optically active dmgs and theit enantioselective differences are available (93). 

After absorption, a chemical compound enters the circulation, which transfers it to all parts of the body. After this phase, the most important factor affecting the distribution is the passage of the compound through biological membranes. From the point of view of the distribution of a chemical compound, the organism can be divided into three different compartments (1) the plasma compartment (2) the intercellular compartment and (3) the intracellular compartment. In all these compartments, a chemical compound can be bound to biological macromolecules. The proportion of bound and unbound (free) chemical compound depends on the characteristics of both the chemical... 

A supramolecular assembly of macromolecules bearing antenna dendron has been reported. Pyrazole-anchored PBE dendrons were synthesized to examine the coordination behavior to transition-metal cations (Cu, Au, Ag) [31]. Self-assembled metallacycles were found. The Cu-metallacycle further formed luminescent fibers about 1 pm in diameter. The luminescence (605 nm) occurred by the excitation of the dendron (280 nm) and the excitation spectrum was coincident with the absorption spectrum of the dendron, suggesting the antenna effect. Interestingly, the luminescence of the Cu-metallacycle fiber disappeared when the fiber was dissociated into the individual metallacycles in C2H2. 

Water absorption is the process of taking up and retaining water uniformly throughout the structure of the host, e.g. on the surface of macromolecules, particularly those with a membrane or emulsifier function. Removal in this case is only possible with the application of much energy and results at least in a change of functional properties of the substances under consideration. 

Table IIL Absorption Half-lives (Minutes) of Some Lipid Insoluble Compounds Alongside Some Hydrophilic Macromolecules a...

The absorption of drugs from the rectal [32] cavity has been studied in some detail. Muranishi et al. [34] have shown that a significant increase in the absorption and lymphatic uptake of soluble and colloidal macromolecules can be achieved by pretreating the rectal mucosal membrane with lipid-nonionic surfactant mixed micelles. They found no evidence of serious damage of the mucosal membrane. Davis [30] suggested that the vaginal cavity could be an effective delivery site for certain pharmaceuticals, such as calcitonin, used for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. 

M. Murakami, Enhanced absorption and lymphatic transport of macromolecules via the rectal route, in Delivery Systems for Peptide Drugs (S. S. Davis, L. Ilium, and E. Tomlinson, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1986, p. 177. 

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