Macro processes

The modelling of micro- and macro- processes with the methods of classic oscillation theory. 

Reactions such as the above have been used for the large-scale commercial production of WC by Kenna-metal, Inc. in a process called the Macro Process [28]. Thermodynamics for the analogous molybdenum reaction show that the reaction is highly exothermic (Table 3). The solid reactants are metered into a carbon-lined kiln to develop a self-sustained exothermic reaction. The reaction occurs in a pool of molten metal at temperatures above 2800 K. At the end of the run the kiln contents solidify into a lower heavy layer of carbide crystals and an upper slag layer of oxides. 

WC and Fe form a regulus from which WC can be separated by an acid leach process (Macro process ). 

More precisely, climate modeling consists in the simulation of large-scale atmospheric processes by applying the basic physical principles and the correct initial conditions in a consistent way (Smagorinsky, 1974). An important part of climate modeling is the consideration of the interaction of macro-processes with phenomena taking place on the micro-scale (radiative transfer, turbulence, and processes of cloud physics and air chemistry). In the equations, the horizontal scale of variations is at least 100 km, while the vertical scale lies between 10 m and 100 km. The volume of air taken into account is a measure of the resolution of the calculation. Phenomena of smaller scale can be included in the model by appropriate statistical methods. This procedure is termed the parameterization. 

Groundwater flow is therefore complex and must be regarded in terms of both micro and macro processes overall it is highly dependent on the nature and the micro- and macro-geometries of the aquifer system. 

Leaving aside the macro-processing capability and other features the following artificial example gives the flavour of the system it is hoped that it is self-explanatory ... 

Table 8.3 The Textile Clothing Inventory Matrix (TCIM) — general macro-process... 

Firstly, the scope of the EIA process was limited to the spinning macro-process. Then, the processes and mechanical plants associated with the company s business were selected from the TCIM (Table 8.10) in total 16 processes (12 primary and 4 support), 4 mechanical plants, 25 inputs, 20 outputs and 29 resomces have been considered. 

Table 8.10 TCIM for the Doretex spinning macro-process... 

Table 8.18 TCIM for the Itex finishing macro-process... 

Table 8.19 STCS for the Itex macro-processes (weaving, dyeing and finishing)...

The change in diffusion environment during disordering and its influence on the combustion process was theoretically described by Smolyakov and Nekrasov for the model reaction of substitution A(N) -I- BC(FeV) AB(VN) -i- C(Fe) that describes the macro process of interaction in the FeV-N system. The scheme of the diffusion zone is shown in Figure 7.18. The rate of interaction is determined here by diffusion processes in a product (AB) and initial alloy (BC) that is enriched with element C pushed in the center of the particle since another of its component is spent in the reaction with A diffusing to the boundary r. There are two qualitatively different modes of combustion depending on the ratio between the diffusion coefficients of the alloy and product d = In the area d- 1 (Figure 7.19),... 

This model is made up of four modules or macroprocesses, each one containing inside several processes that are specified in sub-processes and tasks. The four macro-processes are Planning, Support, Maintenance Execution and Control Improvement. The Plannig macro-process is conformed by three processes Long term planning, medium term and short... 

The macro-processes, processes and activities described in the model are focused to the satisfaction of the objectives drafted in the goals tree diagram. 

The top value chain process of the proposed MMM (or Level 0 process) is conformed by the already mentioned four macro-processes Plaiming, Support, Maintenance Execution and Control Improvement. Subsequently each macro-process is conformed by processes (Level 1 processes) and each process is subdivided in sub-process (Level 2 processes), finaUy each process is subdivided in activities (Level 3 processes). 

As an example of modeling, in Fig. 4 appears an UML diagram in which the Control Improvement macro-process (Level 1) is modeled. 

Every macro-process and process modeled has some invariable related elements one or several goals associated using a dependence relation with the stereotype achieve (these goals are derived from the goals tree) input resources, output resources, both linked using dependence relations, supply resources with a... 

Inside the macro-process of Control Improvement there are some other processes (Level 2) and activities (Level 3). To represent them it could be used also an UML diagram or a more specific tool hke a BPMN diagram, a simple flow diagram. That decision depends on the project specifications. 

Figure 4. UML Diagram of the macro-process of control improvement.

However, feedforward or triple loop processes have to be associated with operational changes. The anticipation of future events and situations and the scenario planning associated with these macro processes require organizational flexibility and play an important role in strategic learning. 

Many business processes are shared by entities in the supply chain. The literature on the topic suggests various approaches to recordkeeping. These approaches may be quite sketchy, covering the supply chain operation in just three macro-processes (Chopra and Meindl 2004) or very detailed (Cooper, Lambert and Pagh 1997 Manganelli and Klein 1998 Bovet and Martha 2000). However, without doubt, the most important supply chain processes are the following (Croxton et al. 2001, p. 14 ff.) ... 

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