Macro-electromechanics

The examination of the micro-electromechanics in the previous chapter aimed at the homogenized representation of fiber composites with substantial extension in all three dimensions. Within the macro-electromechanics to be considered now, the homogenized representation of laminated composites with a substantial extension only in two dimensions is sought. The graduation in terminology alludes to the course of modeling. So laminated fiber composites first pass through the analysis on the micro scale, Section 5.3 or 5.4, and after constitutive reduction. Section 4.4, they enter the analysis on the macro scale. 

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The phase structure of the phase is at the origin of the piezoelectric effects. While low molar mass Sq liquid crystals flow under the influence of an external mechanical held, the network structure of the Sq elastomers prevents macro-Brownian motions of the mesogens and deformations with large amplitudes are feasible. On the other hand, compared to solid-state crystals, the modulus of the elastomers is smaller by orders of magnitude and, moreover, can be modified by the cross-linking density of the network. With these exceptional properties, S() elastomers offer a new class of electromechanical materials that stimulate theoretical and experimental activities. 

As hierarchical, multiscale and complex properties in nature, as shown inO Fig. 52.1, adhesion is an interdisciplinary subject, which undergoes vast experimental, numerical and theoretical investigations from microscopic to macroscopic levels. As an example, adhesion in micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) is one of the outstanding issues in this field including the micromechanical process of making and breaking of adhesion contact, the coupling of physical interactions, the trans-scale (nano-micro-macro) mechanisms of adhesion contact, adhesion hysteresis, and new effective ways of adhesion control (Zhao et al. 2003). 

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