Quality, machining

Color possibilities Machining qualities Flammability Tensile strength, MPaa At 25°C At100°C Elongation, %... 

Adding abrasive material to the electrolyte does not itself promote the local chemical etching. This effect can, however, be achieved in combination with the appropriate tool-electrode motion (e.g., rotation or vibration). In this way, machining quality is improved by reducing the surface roughness [133]. 

The following methods can be used to improve the machining quality (surface roughness, reduction of the heat affected zone) and the material removal rate in SACE ... 

The improvement of the machining quality by the application of shorter pulses is shown in Fig. 13. For fused silica, scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of ablation craters have been taken. All of them were produced with 80 pulses per spot but with different pulse durations between 3 ps (Fig. 13a) and 5 fs (Fig. 13d). For each hole, the maximum laser fluence F0 was about (3-5)xFth as can be seen from Fig. 12. It is clearly demonstrated that the crater morphology is much more controlled by the spatial beam profile in the 5-fs case than for pulses with r>100 fs (Fig. 13a, b). Even compared to the 20-fs pulse treatment (Fig. 13c), the regularity and reproducibility of the ablation is improved for the shortest pulses. 

Heat treatment of ferrous metals to improve ductility and machining quality, to relieve stress, to harden, to increase tensile strength, to change magnetic or electrical characteristics... 

Machining qualities — Fair to excellent Fair to good... 

The research is continuously trying to improve the USM mills, because the tool geometries have a direct impact on the final machining quality (Cheng et al. 2011). The first-produced USM mills were made by downscaling the miUing tools known from conventional machining (see Fig. 3). 

In the form of CdS Sei selenium is used as a red pigment in glass and ceramics. Below its melting point, Se is a semiconductor. Tellurium is used as an additive (<0.1%) to low-carbon steels in order to improve the machine qualities of the metal. This accounts for about half of the world s consumption of tellurium. Catalytic applications are also important, and other applications stem from its semiconducting properties, e.g. cadmium telluride has recently been incorporated into solar cells (see Box 14.3). However, uses of Te are limited, partly because Te compounds are readily absorbed by the body and excreted in the breath and perspiration as foul-smelling organic derivatives. 

Zinc alloys possess good machining qualities and, although zinc die-casting can be produced to fine tolerances, machining can be easily carried out where necessary. 

A set of a well-formulated User Requirements Specification (URS), Functional specifications and Detail specifications has key importance proceeding any purchase (see Sect. 34.15). A good URS is used in the performance qualification and relates the actual production capacity and variety to the required machine qualities. 

Machining qualities Resistance to sunlight Effect of aging Resistance to heat... 

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