Machinability of steels

Most cemented-carbide tools are WC-based and have Co as the binder. Other carbide tool materials based on TiC having a Ni—Mo binder were developed primarily for high (>300 500 m/min) speed finish machining of steels and gray cast irons for automotive appHcations. 

Stjernberg, K., and Thelin, A., Wear Mechanisms of Coated Carbide Tools in Machining of Steel, Prac. ASM Int. Conf. on High Productivity Machining, Materials and Processing, Paper No. 8503-004, ASM, Metals Park, OH 44073 (May, 1985)... 

Commercially, bismuth is also used in the manufacture of permanent magnets, semiconductors, and thermoelectric materials as a catalyst in making acrylonitrile and as an additive to improve the machinability of steels and other metals. 

Use Pharmaceuticals and medicine, cosmetics (eye shadow, lipstick), component of low-melting (fusible) alloys, catalyst in making acrylonitrile, additive to improve machinability of steels and other metals, coating selenium, thermoelectric materials, permanent magnets, semiconductors. 

Brinksmeier E, Gliibe R (2007) Diamond machining of steel molds for optical applications. Key Eng Mater 364 701-706... 

Monolithic silicon nitride is now used extensively as a cutting tool material.The material is especially recommended for the high-speed machining of cast iron due to its excellent thermal stability, hardness, and wear resistance. When coated with TiN (by CVD), it is suitable for the machining of steel, since TiN provides further improvement in chemical resistance. ... 

Conventional hard metal (cemented carbide), described in Chapter 26 Tungsten, is composed of tungsten carbide with cobalt as a binding element. Modern cemented carbide tools for machining of steel also have considerable contents of titanium carbide Tic. Quite new types of cemented carbide with combinations of titanium carbide and titanium nitride TiN have also been developed. 

Machining of steel with diamond tools must be avoided for the reasons mentioned above. 

A grinder test was developed to correlate the mist reduction observed in the spray pattern analysis test with an actual metalworking operation. Both a semisynthetic which contains 10% emulsified oil and a synthetic metalworking fluid which contains no mineral oil, were used during the machining of steel bar stocks. 

Tools with an up to 30 pm diameter Tool material carbide, diamond, steel, and ceramic Machining of steel, brass, copper, bronze, aluminum, plastics Machines with up to 5 axes... 

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