MacDiarmid

A. G. MacDiarmid, Organometallic Compounds of the Group IV Elements, Vol. 2, The Bond to Halogens and Halogenoids, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1972. 

Structures of different conjugated polymers including various thiophenes (3,4,8,9,10,11) and pyrroles 12,5,6,7) that show color variation. (From A. A. Argun. R Aubert, B. Thompson, I. Schwendeman, C. L. Gaupp, J. Hwang. N. J. Pinto. D. B. Tanner, A. G. MacDiarmid, J. R. Reynolds "Multielectrochromism in Polymers Structures and Devices" Chem. Mater. 2004, 1B, 4401-4412). 

C. Eabom and R. W. Bott, Synthesis and reactions of the silicon-carbon bond, Organo-metallic Compounds of the Croup IV Elements, ed. A. G. MacDiarmid, Vol. 1, Part 1. Marcel Dekker, New York (1968). 

Storage of electricity and batteries, (MacDiarmid), 368 Structures, tangled, diagrammed after reduction at cathodic potentials, 345 Surface charge... 

The 2000 Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to A. J. Heeger, A. G. MacDiarmid, and H. Shirakawa for their discovery of conducting polymers. 

This corresponds with MacDiarmid s observations which show that the second redox step is strongly pH-dependent. MacDiarmid further differentiated his redox model to take account of the fact that pure leucoemaraldine with its amine-N is already protonated at pH values 2, and that the totally oxidized pemigraniline with its less basic imine-N can also be protonated. This gives the following (simplified) reaction scheme ... 

The third variant is that of Genies and Lapowski They base their model on the assumption of fundamental differences between the two oxidation steps in PANI. The first step is analogous to that of MacDiarmid. For the second redox process the authors postulate the additional oxidation of imine-N... 

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