Lungs receptors

D. Bellabarba, S. Bedard, S. Fortier and J.G. Lehoux. 3,5,3 -triiodothyronine nuclear receptor in chick embryo. Properties and ontogeny of brain and lung receptors. Endocrinology 112 353-359 (1983). 

A central hypothesis derived from this data is as follows Ambient air particles are complex mixtures with intrinsic toxicity. In concert with preexisting inflammation, particulate exposure results in stimulation of lung receptors and immune cells, release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of pro-inflammatoiy mediators that lead to local and systemic effects, which ultimately account for the epidemiological associations between adverse health effects and particulate air pollution. Hypothetical mechanistic pathways by which inhalation of ambient particles in urban air may lead to morbidity and mortality are outlined in Figure 1. 

The effects of VIP and PACAP are mediated by three GPCR subtypes, VIP, VIP2, and PACAP receptor, coupled to the activation of adenjiate cyclase (54). The VIP subtype is localized ia the lung, Hver, and iatestiae, and the cortex, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb ia the CNS. The VIP2 receptor is most abundant ia the CNS, ia particular ia the thalamus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus. PACAP receptors have a wide distribution ia the CNS with highest levels ia the olfactory bulb, the dentate gyms, and the cerebellum (84). The receptor is also present ia the pituitary. The VIP and PACAP receptors have been cloned. 

Sites of endothelin-receptor expression. ETA receptors are expressed in the smooth muscle cells of the vascular medial layer and the airways, in cardiac myocytes, lung parenchyma, bronchiolar epithelial cells and prostate epithelial cells. ETB receptors are expressed in endothelial cells, in bronchiolar smooth muscle cells, vascular smooth muscle cells of certain vessels (e.g. saphenous vein, internal mammary artety), in the renal proximal and distal tubule, the renal collecting duct and in the cells of the atrioventricular conducting system. 

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