Low energy processes

As with most methods for studying ion-molecule kinetics and dynamics, numerous variations exist. For low-energy processes, the collision cell can be replaced with a molecular beam perpendicular to the ion beam [106]. This greatly reduces the thennal energy spread of the reactant neutral. Another approach for low energies is to use a merged beam [103]. In this system the supersonic expansion is aimed at the tluoat of the octopole, and the ions are passed tluough... 

A one-step, low energy process was developed by Magnesium International Corp. for producing anhydrous magnesium chloride. This process... 

Excess Nitrogen Removal. A number of low energy processes use excess air in the secondary reformer in order to reduce the primary reformer duty. The surplus nitrogen so introduced has to be removed later in the process. 

Finally, we consider the alternative mechanism for electron transfer reactions -the inner-sphere process in which a bridge is formed between the two metal centers. The J-electron configurations of the metal ions involved have a number of profound consequences for this reaction, both for the mechanism itself and for our investigation of the reaction. The key step involves the formation of a complex in which a ligand bridges the two metal centers involved in the redox process. For this to be a low energy process, at least one of the metal centers must be labile. 

In contrast to Vmax, the Km parameter (which describes the low-energy process of binding to the catalytic site) was correlated with various structu-... 

However, only one kind of hydrogen can normally be observed, meaning that equatorial and axial positions interconvert via a low-energy process. This is the ring inversion process just described, in which one side of the ring bends upward while the other side bends downward. 

Hartree-Fock 6-3IG calculations show that pseudorotation in phosphorous pentafluoride is a very low energy process (6 kcal/mol) and that the square-based pyramid structure is indeed a transition state. 

Of course, entirely different stmctures or isomers are also possible, although these are not normally thought of as interconnected by low-energy processes. For the purpose of the present discussion, isomers are considered as independent molecules which are not accessible to each other. 

The CAV-OX process consists of either of two configurations the CAV-OX I low-energy process or the CAV-OX n high-energy process. The CAV-OX I process effectively treats contaminants such as gasoline or TCE, while more complex wastes, such as PCP, require the use of the CAV-OX n process. The CAV-OX process generally reduces contaminant levels by 95 to 99.99%. 

CAV-OX Configurations CAV-OX I Low-Energy Process Costs ( ) CAV-OX II High-Energy Process Costs ( ) ... 

Interconversions of acychc carbon-centered radicals between n and a types are low-energy processes. The methyl radical is planar, but increasing alkyl substitution at the radical center results in an increasing preference for pyramidalization. The ferf-butyl radical is pyramidalized with the methyl groups 10° from planarity (the deviation from planarity for a tetrahedral atom is 19°) and a barrier to inversion of 0.5 kcal/mol. When a radical center is in a carbocycle, a planar radical is favored for all cases except the cyclopropyl radical, and the barrier for inversion in cyclopropyl is only 3 kcal/mol. ... 

Polymeric films, metallic foils. Curing of adhesives, coatings. Low energy processing in... 

The ratio of alcohol to acetate depends upon workup procedure, which differed in the two cases. In addition, acetates of benzylic alcohols typically break down under electron impact by a low energy process to produce ketene and the corresponding alcohol ion. The peak at the parent mass of the alcohol, throughout this work, most likely contains a contribution so derived from the acetate. A careful distinction between the alcohol and acetate was not deemed important for our purposes, so... 

C(OCH3)R] (59) are certainly formed via the initial steps of the above reactions. Isomerization of 59 through pairwise formation of carbene bridges should be a low-energy process. Hence it appears that simple dinuclear metal carbonyls in general have all the prerequisites for yielding bis-/x-methylene complexes in the course of the Fischer procedure for metal carbene synthesis. 

The low-energy process of electron emission and the creation of positively charged spots... 

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