Low carbon equivalent

Types 304 and 316 and their low carbon equivalents (L) are commonly used as construction materials. 

More recently, sheetmetals made of thermomechanically rolled fine-grained structural steel with a minimum yield strength of 355 N/mm, and up to thicknesses of 70 mm, have been approved for welded shipbuilding constructions by the classification bodies for grades A, D and E. Due to its chemical composition, this steel has a low carbon equivalent and therefore very good weldability. The chemical composition and main mechanical properties of this steel are shown in Table 16... 

The Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) in California requires fuel providers to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell to the California market meets, on average, a declining standard for GHG emissions measured in C02-equivalent gram per unit of fuel energy sold. By 2020, the LCFS will produce a 10% reduction in the carbon content of all passenger vehicle fuels sold in California. 

On the basis of experiments carried out using a laboratory size fluid bed combustor it has been demonstrated that, provided certain precautions are taken, crushed slag and other wastes from conventional coal-burning furnaces can, in the mrgority of cases, be burnt with the recovery of worthwhile amounts of energy and with less environmental pollution from SO2 and NO emissions than could result from the combustion of an equivalent amount of coal. The ash produced has a very low carbon content and is granular in form. 

Several other carbon equivalent formulae have been proposed from time to time. Most of these have not been extensively used, because of their unfamiliarity, their excessive complexity, or because they were so close to the formula, [1.1] (frequently known as the IIW formula), that there was no significant advantage in their use. However, one formula developed in Japan for steels of low carbon content, whose behaviour with regard to hydrogen cracking is not well described by the IIW formula, is the Pcm formula ... 

An alternative proposed for the RSR process is the use of carbon or organics present to reduce Pb02 during drying, in which the paste is heated to 290°C. The low temperature operation will avoid problems of lead fuming and is sufficient to achieve reduction. In line with the above composition, carbon equivalent to 1.2 to 1.5 per cent of the lead content would be required to achieve reduction of Pb02. 

Fig. 10.1 Pt-mass-specific power density [gpi/kW] versus cell voltage, ceu fV]. based on a 50 cm single-cell H2/air performance, ti = cell-voltage loss caused by mass transport Ptcath = cathode-Pt loading. The cell was tested at Teen = 80°C, 100% RH (relative humidity), at a total pressure of 150 kPa bs and stoichiometric flows of s = 2.0/2.0. Catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) was based on a ca 25 pm low-EW (equivalent weight = 900) membrane, and ca. 50 wt% Pt/carbon (0.4/0.4mg Pt/cm (anode/cathode)). It was assumed that the cell performance could be maintained at a reduced anode loading of 0.05 mg Pt/cm (Reproduced liom [21]. With permission)...

After the chamber was resealed and the sample partially degassed under vacuum, low temperature (<150°C) argon plasmas were used to desorb CO2 molecules from the sample and chamber walls by inelastic collisions of the non-reactive, but energetic, argon species. The amount of adsorbed CO2 and water on the sample was thus diminished to correspond to <0.001 mg carbon equivalent as is usual in our procedure. 

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