Longitudinal electric force

The relevant total longitudinal electric force on the molecule is thus35... 

Combined measurement techniques were successfully applied in the study of surface forces in microscopic foam films such as study of longitudinal electrical condictivity, study of black films with X-rays forced rupture of films by a-particles irradiation, etc. They permit to find the relation between surface forces and parameters of film structure. It is important also surface forces measurements to be performed at controlled state of the adsorption layer. As far as surface forces act normally to film surface, it is interesting to understand the role of... 

The radius of curvature of the surface at the point of contact is equal to the radius of curvature of a smooth sphere equal in volume to the zone of molecular interaction or the zone of action of electrical forces. The zone of molecular interaction is limited according to the height of the lattice constant. The asperities of the atomic-molecular roughness follow in longitudinal and transverse directions at intervals equal to and 2ar y. If we regard such an... 

Metal contained in the channel is subjected to forces that result from the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the electric current in the channel. These inward forces produce a circulation that is generally perpendicular to the length of the channel. It has been found that shaping the channels of a twin coil inductor shown in Figure 10 produces a longitudinal flow within the channel and significantly reduces the temperature difference between the channel and the hearth (12). 

Structure, then for every tetrahedron there is another tetrahedron which has the exact opposite orientation the electric fields of the dipoles compensate each other. If, however, all tetrahedra have the same orientation or some other mutual orientation that does not allow for a compensation, then the action of all dipoles adds up and the whole crystal becomes a dipole. Two opposite faces of the crystal develop opposite electric charges. Depending on the direction of the acting force, the faces being charged are either the two faces experiencing the pressure (longitudinal effect) or two other faces in a perpendicular or an inclined direction (transversal effect). 

Hereby, the branches with E - and / -symmetry are twofold degenerated. Both A - and / d-modes are polar, and split into transverse optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) phonons with different frequencies wto and wlo, respectively, because of the macroscopic electric fields associated with the LO phonons. The short-range interatomic forces cause anisotropy, and A - and / d-modcs possess, therefore, different frequencies. The electrostatic forces dominate the anisotropy in the short-range forces in ZnO, such that the TO-LO splitting is larger than the A -E splitting. For the lattice vibrations with Ai- and F -symmetry, the atoms move parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis, respectively (Fig. 3.2). 

According to the reptation theory, the polyelectrolyte (it can be DNA in this case) is assumed to be something which consists of N units (length = a, the number of bases in case of DNA). The total length of DNA is equal to Na. In the reptation theory, only the force along the DNA chain (longitudinal force) is taken into account in the electric field. The mobihty of DNA, /t, therefore, is then expressed by... 

The constant term of the development is omitted because every flow is cancelled out when the forces are equal to zero. The quantities L, L ,iw... are termed the phenomenological coefficient of first, second order etc. In equation [4.10], the existence of combined effects derived from the union of processes apparently independent of each other is included. Specific information about equation [4.10] has been obtained by historic experience. In 1811, Fourier observed that in the first approximation, a heat flow is hnearly dependent on the temperature gap. Subsequently, Fick emphasised that the longitudinal mass flow is proportional to the difference of concentration. At the same time. Ohm established that an electric flow in a conductor depends linearly on the corresponding forces. All these observations are evidence that in a situation close to equilibrium, flows could be assumed to be proportional to the forces, so equation [4.10] could be approximated to ... 

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