Long ton

Table 1.1 World and USA production of plastics materials (Much of the earlier data are based on long tons later data are in tonnes. The USA figures are based on estimates published in Modern Plastics, apart from those for 1967, which are from US government sources. The global figures are from various sources, with the 1992 figure being based on RAPRA statistics.)...

Wilhelm Schmidt Steam superheater for locomotives. and ALCO largest ever built (540 long tons). 

Tons, long Tons, short Tons, metric Btu... 

Pounds = Ounces, troy = Tons, long = Tons, metric = Cubic inches... 

Loss of sucrose due to inversion by bacteria during the time between crushing the cane and processing the juice is considered serious. A very conservative estimate places the annual loss for Cuba, if uncontrolled, at 75,000 long tons of sugar. This loss can be drastically reduced by spraying Steri-Chlor 4X into the juice immediately after extraction at the rate of 10 pounds per 1000 tons of cane. The practice is now common and offers a potential market for approximately 450,000 pounds of such a product in Cuba and probably at least that much in other areas. Demands in- the near future should approximate 250,000 pounds and eventually should approach a maximum of 1,000,000 pounds. 

The world production of cacao has increased from an annual average of 130,000 long tons for the period 1901 to 1905 to an average of 702,000 long tons per year in 1945 to 1954 (20). If suitable land available in the Western Hemisphere and in Africa were developed for cacao, the annual world output of raw cacao would be increased by 1,500,000 tons (5). Overproduction of cacao appears at present remote. 

It seems probable that when governmental subsidies are relaxed in the United States and certain other countries where synthetics are produced on emergency funds, natural rubber will be in a fairer position relative to synthetics, and latex rubber may increase its popular lead. In 1952 the world consumed 1,860,000 long tons of latex rubber, and in 1953 about 80,000 more than this. The Far East still produces over 90% of the natural rubber of the world, and nearly half of that percentage comes from Malaya. Africa ships about 3%, and Latin America about 2%. 

Approximately 90% of this sulfur is used to manufacture sulfuric acid. Sulfur is one of the few materials whose quantity is often expressed in long tons (2240 lb) which are different from short tons (2000 lb) or metric tons (2204.6 lb). There is no advantage to this unit. It has simply been used for this product for years and has resisted change without good reason. 

The production of domestic sulfur values (elemental recovered sulfur and the sulfur content of acid) will total about 18 million long tons per year by the year 2000. By region (Petroleum Administration for Defense districts), except for the east coast (PAD I), there will be no deficit areas in the U. S. Major contributors are sour natural gas and the refining of heavier, sour, crude oil. Proximate, scenario dependent sources, are electric utilities and coal-based synfuels. Shale oil, domestic tar sands and heavy oil, and unconventional sources of natural gas will be small suppliers. 

Finally, if current expectations of future sulfur prices are in continued excess of 100/long ton, the development of very sour natural gas wells (> 60% H2S) may be anticipated. The methane content, even if gas prices remain controlled, becomes secondary. 

PROJECTED SULFUR VALUE CAPACITY (103 long tons/year)... 

A single energy refinery would require about 20,000 tons/day of high-sulfur Eastern coal, producing about 600 long tons/day of elemental sulfur by-product. For the purposes of this paper, the future price of sulfur has been projected to be about 100/LT, with a floor provided by the energy cost to produce discretionary sulfur. At this sale price, the sulfur by-product credit is about 0.25/million Btu of energy produced. This credit, for 2 million... 

It is interesting to note the reduction in permissible and planned SO2 emissions of the two commercial ventures, Suncor, Inc. and Syncrude Canada Limited and the proposed Alsands Project. These data are presented in Figure 5 as well as the target SO2 emission level proposed by Alberta Environment. Data are in Long Tons SO2/IOOO barrels of synthetic crude product. The proposed Alsands rate is approaching the target level of Alberta Environment but implementation of new technology will be required to meet these objectives in the future. 

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