Long-range emitters

The densely packed lymphomas or hepatacellular carcinoma when crossfixed from the long-range emitters like —it registers an appreciable contribution to the dose to the tumour. This particular aspect... 

Phenylquinoxalines (30) turned out to be both fluorescent and phosphorescent emitters [167, 168]. By using these molecules as host, singlet excitons as well as triplet excitons can be transfered by long-range interactions to phosphorescent dopant molecules such as 66. 

Radioimmunotherapy or monoclonal antibody-mediated radioimmunotherapy is a process that couples an antibody to a radioactive isotope to enhance its tumoricidal activity. The long-range 0-emitters rhenium-90Y and -188 have now replaced iodine-131 as isotopes. 

That there is no long range displacement of lattice atoms over the surface can also be demonstrated directly, by shadowing the emitter... 

Larger parts of the heavy metal emission of smelters and power plants are deposited in the vicinity (up to 10 km distance) of the emitters. Pb is deposited after long-range transport of fine dust in forests of higher altitudes of the mountain area up to 0.5 kg ha 2T. In Germany, Pb deposition has been decreasing since 1974, mainly due to reduction of the Pb content in petrol (Ulrich 1991). 

Pollution plume trajectories in the Southern Hemisphere have received less attention in comparison with the Northern Hemisphere. There are few studies of long-range metal transport from Africa or South America despite the fact that these continents are known to be significant emitters of metals to the atmosphere (Fig. 4). A number of studies have been undertaken examining metal pollution accumulation in Antarctica, which being the most remote landmass from urban... 

These findings would lend support to observed chlorine residuals and the dominance of NH3 ions in rainfall. Furthermore, there are several major emitters of chlorine gas in western New York State, and long-range transport of chlorine and its reaction products cannot be ruled out. One hypothesis is that industrial emissions of this gas combine with NH3 in the atmosphere to form NHxCly compounds or chloramines which are subsequently removed by atmospheric washout. However, further work is needed to characterize the microcontaminants and assess their impact on the aquatic environment. 

In long-range pollutant transport models, account of the former is taken by adding a 15% surcharge to high level emitters. 

Yttrium-90 has been the most widely investigated long-range P emitter for radionuclide therapy. This radionuclide is routinely available commercially at reasonable cost in high specific activity. However, because does not emit j rays, imaging its distribution in animal models or in patients is difficult. A wide variety of proteins and peptides have been labeled with... 

The radionuclide needs to be a gamma emitter (long-range ionizing radiation) that can be monitored from outside the patient s body. It should have a relatively short half-life to limit the radiation dose to the patient. The radionuclide most commonly used is technetium-99m, Tc. The m indicates that this is a metastable isotope, that is, that its half-life is considerably longer than most isotopes that undergo gamma decay. 

The brittle, silvery, shiny metal was long considered the last stable element of the Periodic Table. In 2003 it was unmasked as an extremely weak alpha emitter (half-life 20 billion years). Like thulium, there is only one isotope. Bismuth alloys have low melting points (fuses, fire sprinklers). As an additive in tiny amounts, it imparts special properties on a range of metals. Applied in electronics and optoelectronics. The oxichloride (BiOCl) gives rise to pearlescent pigments (cosmetics). As bismuth is practically nontoxic, its compounds have medical applications. The basic oxide neutralizes stomach acids. A multitalented element. Crystallizes with an impressive layering effect (see right). 

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