Long-acting beta agonists

Orciprenaline is a partially selective adrenoceptor-agonist and hence it is more likely to have effects on the cardiovascular system, such as arrhythmias, than the selective adrenoceptor-agonists, such as salbutamol, terbutaline and the long-acting beta-agonists salmeterol and formoterol. Orciprenaline is available only as tablets or syrup and can be prescribed to 4-year-old children. 

Remington TL, Digiovine B. Long-acting beta-agonists anti-inflammatory properties and synergy with corticosteroids in asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2005 11 74-78. 

Wallaert B, Brun P, Ostinelli J, Murciano D, Champel F, Blaive B, Montane F, Godard P. A comparison of two long-acting beta-agonists, oral bambuterol and inhaled salmeterol, in the treatment of moderate to severe asthmatic patients with nocturnal symptoms. The French Bambuterol Study Group. Respir Med 1999 93(l) 33-8. 

Salpeter SR, Buckley NS, Ormiston TM, et al. Meta-analysis effect of long-acting beta-agonists on severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related deaths. Ann Intern Med 2006 144 904-12. 

For example, consider a placebo-controlled trial of a long-acting beta-agonist in asthma where we wish to balance patients by sex and use of steroids as a concomitant medication. Suppose that we have been using minimization and that 60 patients have been recruited to date and that the position is as given in Table 6.3. 

E. Long-acting beta-agonist bronchodUators—e.g., sabneterol, formoterol... 

Example 1 Meta-Analysis of Studies of Inhaled Long-Acting Beta-Agonists... 

Chowdhury BA, Dal Pan G. The FDA and safe use of long-acting beta-agonists in the treatment of asthma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 362(13) 1169-1171,2010. 

Kramer JM. Balancing the benefits and risks of inhaled long-acting beta-agonists— The influence of values. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360(16) 1592-1595,2009. 

Salpeter SR, Wall AJ, Buckley NS. Long-acting beta-agonists with and without inhaled corticosteroids and catastrophic asthma events. Am J Med 2010 123(4) 322-8.e2. 

Glassroth J. The role of long-acting beta-agonists in the management of asthma analysis, meta-analysis, and more analysis. Ann Intern Med 2006 144(12) 936-7. 

Ni Chroinin M, Lasserson TJ, Greenstone I, Ducharme FM. Addition of long-acting beta-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009 (3) CD007949. 

Hrrst C, Calingaert B, Stanford R, Castellsague J. Use of long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled steroids in asthma meta-analysis of observational studies. J Asthma 2010 47(4) 439-46. 

Gibson PG, Powell H, Ducharme FM. Differential effects of maintenance long-acting beta-agonist and inhaled corticosteroid on asthma control and asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007 119(2) 344-50. 

Thomas M, von Ziegenweidt J, Lee AJ, Price D. High-dose inhaled corticosteroids versus add-on long-acting beta-agonists in asthma an observational study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009 123(1) 116-21, elO. 

Sears MR, Ottosson A, Radner F, Suissa S. Long-acting beta-agonists a review of formoterol safety data from asthma clinical trials. Eur Respir J 2009 33(1) 21-32. 

Rodrigo GJ, Moral VP, Marcos LG, Cas-tro-Rodriguez JA. Safety of regular use of long-acting beta agonists as monotherapy or added to inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. A systematic review. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009 22(1) 9-19. 

Horita N, To M, Araki K, Haruki K, To Y. Risk fectors of local oropharyngeal and laryngeal adverse effects from use of single inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists. AUer Intern 2012 61(4) 583-8. 

Hanania, N. A. (2008). The impact of inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist combination therapy on outcomes in COPD. Pulmonary Pharmacology Therapeutics, 21(2), 540-550. 

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