Lone atrial fibrillation

Mitral stenosis or regurgitation Mitral valve prolapse Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Pulmonary embolism Idiopathic ("lone" atrial fibrillation) Thoracic surgery ... 

Alternatives to amiodarone include the type Ic drugs (e.g., fle-cainide and propafenone) and the type III blockers (e.g., sotalol and dofetilide). Because of the risk of pro arrhythmia, the type Ic drugs should be reserved for those without heart disease (i.e., lone atrial fibrillation). Sotalol has been shown to be at least as effective as quinidine in preventing recurrences of atrial fibrillation." However, treatment with either quinidine or sotalol is associated with a similar incidence of torsade de pointes. Since this form of proarrhythmia occurs primarily with higher doses of sotalol (quinidine usually causes torsade de pointes at low or therapeutic concentrations), it may be predicted more easily and therefore avoided. Nonetheless, it is possible that sotalol increases mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation similar to quinidine, and this requires further study." ... 

Epidemiology and Background 97 Lone Atrial Fibrillation 98 Classification of Atrial Fibrillation 99 Symptoms and Morbidities of Atrial Fibrillation 99... 

Molina L, Mont L, Marrugat J, et al. Long-term endurance sport practice increases the incidence of lone atrial fibrillation in men a follow-up study. Europace 2008 10 618-23. 

Kopecky SL, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD, et al. The natural history of lone atrial fibrillation. A population-based study over three decades. N Engl J Med 1987 317 669-74. 

Schoonderwoerd BA, Smit MD, Pen L, Van Gelder IC. New risk factors for atrial fibrillation causes of not-so-lone atrial fibrillation. Europace 2008 10 668—73. 

Jahangir A, Lee V, Friedman PA, et al. Long-term progression and outcomes with aging in patients with lone atrial fibrillation a 30-year follow-up study. Circulation 2007 115 3050-6. 

Korantzopoulos P, Liu T, Milionis HJ, Li G, Goudevenos JA. Lone atrial fibrillation hunting for the underlying causes and links. Int J Cardiol 2009 131 180-5. 

Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, Morgante E, Russo MA, Maseri A. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997 96 1180—4. 

Belluzzi F, Sernesi L, Preti P, Salinaro F, Fonte ML, Perlini S. Prevention of recurrent lone atrial fibrillation by the angio-tensin-II converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in normotensive patients. / Am Coll Cardiol 2009 53 24-9. 

Todd DM, Skanes AC, Guiraudon G, et al. Role of the posterior left atrium and pulmonary veins in human lone atrial fibrillation electrophysiological and pathological data from patients undergoing atrial fibrillation surgery. Circulation 2003 108 3108-14. 

Prasad SM, Maniar HS, Camillo CJ, et al. The Cox maze III procedure for atrial fibrillation long-term efficacy in patients undergoing lone versus concomitant procedures. / Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003 126 1822-8. 

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