Logical elements

PBXC-303(1) 73 Injection Molding at 12000psi and RT Booster Expl or Communication Link in FAE, Zuni, Expl Logic Elements, etc... 

The fabrication of logic elements using such devices allows in principle the construction of a large capacity, compact, high-speed computer [50], Major problems with the technology are that large fan-out ratios are difficult to achieve and that superconducting circuits have a very low inherent impedance and so are difficult to couple with conventional elements at room temperature. 

Switching and Logic Elements," Bell System Techn, J, 1975 (1982), 6 ... 

In an extensive study, Okamoto and co-workers [76-86] introduced a biochemical switching device based on a cyclic enzyme system in which two enzymes share two cofactors in a cyclic manner. Cyclic enzyme systems have been used as biochemical amplitiers to improve the sensitivity of enzymatic analysis [87-89], and subsequently, this technique was introduced into biosensors [90-93], In addition, cyclic enzyme systems were also widely employed in enzymic reactors, in cases where cofactor regeneration is required [94-107], Using computer simulations, Okamoto and associates [77,80-83] investigated the characteristics of the cyclic enzyme system as a switching device, and their main model characteristics and simulation results are detailed in Table 1.1, as is a similar cyclic enzyme system introduced by Hjelmfelt et al. [109,116], which can be used as a logic element. 

S. Tuchman, Biochemical systems for molecular logic elements, D.Sc. thesis, Technion (Israel Instimte of Technology), Haifa, Israel, 1993. 

NMOS and PMOS (p-channel MOS) transistors are used side by side in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology to form logic elements. These structures have the advantage of extremely low power consumption and are important in ultralarge-scale integration (ULSI) and very-large-scale integration (VLSI) (13). 

Pischel, U., Chemical approaches to molecular logic elements for addition and subtraction , Angew. Chem.,... 

In a chiral photochromic system (Figure 1), A and B represent two different chiral forms of a bistable molecule, and a reversible change in chirality occurs upon light irradiation. The left-handed (S or M) and right-handed (R or P) forms of a chiral compound 91 represent two distinct states in a molecular binary logic element. 

It is hard to see that broad international agreement has been reached so far on these basic and logical elements of traceability chains in chemical measurement. 

DRAM (dynamic random access memory) — A type of a commonly used random access memory that allows the stored data to be accessed in any order, i.e., at random, not just in sequence. That type of computer memory stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor charged and discharged by only one logic element transistor. However, the DRAM capacitors are not ideal and hence leak electrons the information eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is periodically refreshed (circa every 64 ms). This makes this type of memory more power... 

Logical elements (pneumatic switching elements) as links for connective instructions... 

Rated overpressure of compressed air grid Minimum overpressure of compressed air grid Rated overpressure of logic elements Minimum pressure differential Rated pressure differential Maximum pressure differential Pressure differential during purging Static test pressure differential Purging volume... 

Sequential logic elements, that is, flip-flops and latches, can be inferred by writing statements within an always statement using styles described in Chapter 2. It is best not to synthesize a memory as a two-dimensional array of flip-flops because this is an inefficient way to implement a memory. The best way to create a memory is to instantiate a predefined memory block using a module instantiation statement. 

Digital devices such as computers work with sharply defined logical elements—bits which take the values of 1 (true) and 0 (false) i.e., their work is based on classical prepositional logic or its mathematical equivalent, Boolean algebra. The fuzzy nature of human reasoning, on the other hand, makes things much more flexible, but may lead to irreproducible results and hence be a source of error. For instance, two chemists may draw different conclusions about a structure derived from the same spectral information from the same unknown compound measured on the same instrument. In contrast, the classical logic of computers always leads to the... 

Reporter class is introduced to explicitly model distinction between physical Elements on arrays and logical elements that are characterized by one or more Biosequence class objects. Note that there is no standard terminology for these notions. What we call Reporters are sometimes called probes or targets, in which case LabeledExtracts in our model are called targets or probes, respectively. To avoid possible confusion resulting from the opposite use of terms probe and target we avoid them entirely. 

There are opportunities for both new applications and knowledge to be derived from microfluidic investigations. The development of fluidic logic elements with hydraulic diameters in the 1-50 /i-m range is just beginning. 

It is certainly possible to create a range of circuits without patterning the semiconductor layer, and in so doing, save one patterning operation. This is especially possible with logic elements, where it is often possible to achieve adequate noise margin even with some crosstalk, or where space is not of great concern and transistors can be well spaced. 

In addition to producing the sensing array using OFETs, this team also fabricated much of the peripheral drive circuitry using OFET-based logic elements and introduced a creative architecture in which the unit dimensions can be customized by cutting several elements with scissors and attaching them with a pressure sensitive adhesive [138]. 

Another potentially interesting application of OFETs is in low cost RFID tags and logic elements. If transistors, passive elements, and the tag antenna can be produced simultaneously using continuous printing processes, it is conceivable that economies similar to those achieved in paper printing can be achieved. 

More complicated logic elements can be formed by placing two transistors in series or parallel to form NAND or NOR gates. Series transistors only allow the output to be pulled up when all of the transistors are on together. Parallel transistors allow the device to be pulled up when any of the inputs is on. Two architectures are shown in Fig. D.3. 

Fig. 2.8-19 Basic logical elements of open-loop control technology.

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