Locus coeruleus sleep

Nitz, D. Siegel, J. M. (1997b). GABA release in the locus coeruleus as a function of sleep/wake state. Neuroscience 78, 795-801. 

Figure 2.4 Flip-flop switch model of wake and slow wave sleep active systems. Mutually inhibitory connections exist between GABAergic/Galaninergic slow wave sleep active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) of the anterior hypothalamus and aminergic neurons in the hypothalamus (histamine (HA) neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)) and brainstem (serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe (DR) and noradrenaline (NA) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC)). Orexinergic neurons in the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH) stabilize the waking state via excitation of the waking side of the flip-flop switch (aminergic neurons).

Gervasoni, D Darracq, L., Fort, P. et al. (1998). Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus are tonically inhibited by GABA during sleep. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 964-70. 

Aston-Jones, G. Bloom, F. E. (1981). Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. J. Neurosci. 1, 876-86. 

Basheer, R Magner, M., McCarley, R. W. Shiromani, P. J. (1998). REM sleep deprivation increases the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine transporter mRNA in the locus coeruleus. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 57,... 

Braun, C. M. Pivik, R. T. (1981). Effects of locus coeruleus lesions upon sleeping and waking in the rabbit. Brain Res. 230, 133-51. 

Caballero, A. De Andres, I. (1986). Unilateral lesions in locus coeruleus area enhance paradoxical sleep. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 64, 339-46. 

Cespuglio, R., Gomez, M. E., Faradji, H. Jouvet, M. (1982). Alterations in the sleep-waking cycle induced by cooling of the locus coeruleus area. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 54, 570-8. 

Henley, K. 8r Morrison, A. R. (1974). A re-evaluation of the effects of lesions of the pontine tegmentum and locus coeruleus on phenomena of paradoxical sleep in the cat. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars). 34, 215-32. 

Jones, B. E., Harper, S. T. Halaris, A. E. (1977). Effects of locus coeruleus lesions upon cerebral monoamine content, sleep-wakefulness states and the response to amphetamine in the cat. Brain Res. 124, 473-96. 

Kaur, S., Saxena, R. N. Malhck, B. N. (1997). GABA in locus coeruleus regulates spontaneous rapid eye movement sleep by acting on GABAA receptors in freely moving rats. Neurosci. Lett. 223, 105-8. 

Kaur, S., Panchal, M., Faisal, M. et al. (2004). Long term blocking of GABA-A receptor in locus coeruleus by bilateral microinfusion of picrotoxin reduced rapid eye movement sleep and increased brain Na-K ATPase activity in freely moving normally behaving rats. Behav. Brain Res. 151, 185-90. 

Majumdar, S. Mallick, B. N. (2003). Increased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamic acid decarboxylase in locus coeruleus neurons after rapid eye movement sleep deprivation in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 338, 193-6. 

Mallick, B. N., Kaur, S. 8r Saxena, R. N. (2001). Interactions between cholinergic and GABAergic neurotransmitters in and around the locus coeruleus for the induction and maintenance of rapid eye movement sleep in rats. Neuroscience 104, 467-85. 

Mallick, B. N., Singh, S. Pal, D. (2005). Role of alpha and beta adrenoceptors in locus coeruleus stimulation-induced reduction in rapid eye movement sleep in freely moving rats. Behav. Brain Res. 158, 9-21. 

Figure 4.1 Effect of an iontophoretic injection of bicuculline, a GABAa antagonist, on a locus coeruleus noradrenergic neuron. With reduced activity during slow wave sleep, this neuron then becomes silent during paradoxical sleep (PS). The application of bicuculline reversibly restores tonic discharge, indicating the role of GABA in the cessation of activity of this neuron during PS.

Narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, may be caused by the lack of hypocretin mRNA and peptides in humans (Peyron et al., 2000) or a disruption of the hypocretin receptor 2 or its ligand in dogs and mice (Lin et al., 1999 Chemelli et al., 1999). Hypocretin-containing neurons are located exclusively in the dorsomedial, lateral, and perifornical hypothalamic areas (Peyron et al., 1998). Two hypocretin sequences, Hcrt-1 (orexin-A) and Hcrt-2 (orexin-B), are generated from a single preprohypocretin (De Lecea et al., 1998 Peyron et al, 1998 Sakurai et al, 1998). Axons from these neurons are found in the hypothalamus, locus coeruleus (LC), raphe nuclei, tuberomamillary nucleus, midline thalamus, all levels of spinal cord, sympathetic and parasympathetic centers, and many other brain regions... 

Figure 4.2 Model of the network responsible for paradoxical sleep onset and maintenance Abbreviations DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT, serotonin LC, locus coeruleus NA, noradrenaline LDT, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus Ach, acetylcholine Me, magnocellular reticular nucleus Gly glycine DPMe, deep mesencephalic reticular nucleus PAG, periaqueductal gray DPGi, dorsal paragigantocellular reticular nucleus PPT, pedunculopontine nucleus PRN, pontine reticular nucleus SLD, sublaterodorsal nucleus Glu, glutamate Pef/HLA perifornical/lateral hypothalamic area Hcrt, hypocretin (i.e. orexin).

Bourgin, P., Huitron-Resendiz, S., Spier, A. D. el al. (2000). Hypocretin-1 modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of locus coeruleus neurons. J. Neurosci. 20, 7760-5. 

Darracq, L Gervasoni, D., Souliere, F. et al. (1996). Effect of strychnine on rat locus coeruleus neurones during sleep and wakefulness. Neuroreport 8,... 

Verret, L Fort, P., Gervasoni, D., Leger, L. Luppi, P. H. (2006). Localization of the neurons active during paradoxical (REM) sleep and projecting to the locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 495, 573-86. 

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