Localized electrical effect parameter formation

The local resolution of laser-induced reactions depends on primary effects, i.e., the laser light, and secondary effects induced by the system. Laser-induced metal nucleation and crystal growth and the relevant mechanisms depend mainly on the electronic properties of the substrate, but also on interfacial and electrolyte properties. Depending on the system parameters, focused laser light can influence overvoltage-dependent terms particularly by local heat formation or by local activation of the solid state/electrolyte interface. As the electric properties of the substrate material is of strong influence, the effects will briefly be discussed for metal, semiconductor and polymer substrates. 

Orientation induced by elongational flow field has been shown to promote the formation of nematic order at concentration below the critical value in the absence of flow [94]. For covalent systems, the effect of local ordering (described by the order parameters) was shown to be not as dramatic as that occurring over a mesoscopic scale due to director orientation. It is known that application of flow, electrical, and magnetic fields may lead to perfectly ordered single LCs. Theoretical analysis for supramolecular polymers has so far been restricted to the relatively simpler case of helices in magnetic and electrical fields [46]. For polarizable helices in a quadruple field, and for helices with a permanent dipole in a dipolar field, growth enhancement was predicted as more pronounced... 

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