Local effects, hazard

This chapter will first address (Section 4.2) some general aspects of importance for the hazard assessment systemic effects versus local effects (Section 4.2.1) adverse effect(s) versus non-adverse effect(s) (Section 4.2.2) dose-response relationships (Section 4.2.3) no-effect levels and... 

Subdivi si on - In most cases, the product is first subjected to subdivision to a standard size. (In texture evaluation, in some cases, this is not included.) It is generally supposed that this process will improve the contact of the product with other assay components and will reduce the hazards of unequal distribution and localized effects. The particle size has a strong influence on the value obtained in the test. 

The general site in the body for toxic action of a hazardous material can be local or systemic. Local effects refer to those that occur at the site of first contact between the hazardous material and the biological system. For example, chlorine gas reacts... 

Additionally, this system does not account for fire hazard, reactivity hazard or environmental hazard. The toxicity category of a pesticide is determined from the oral LD50, LC50, Dermal LD50 as well as local effects to both skin and eyes. 

For purposes of this discussion, risk assessment is defined as an estimate of the probability of an adverse effect. In virtually all cases, a quantitative value for the probability is expressed. Exposure shall be defined as the amount of oiaterial in immediate contact with an inanimate or a living system (including man). In man, exposure may result from inhalation into the respiratory tract, ingestion into the gastrointestinal tract or deposition and absorption througji the skin. From a toxicological viewpoint, materials outside the body may not present a particular hazard, with the possible exception of local effects. 

The purpose of a facility hazard analysis is to identify and evaluate hazards and make recommendations for the elimination and control of hazards. The major safety concerns that facility managers should address are loss of life or serious injury to personnel, reportable (to the Enviromnental Protection Agency and/or state and local agencies) hazardous materials discharge to the environment, serious damage to facilities or equipment resulting in large dollar loss, and hazards that could have serious adverse effects on the plant or company mission capability, operability, or public opinion. 

Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabiHty Act (CERCLA)/RCRA regulations in effect at the end of 1986 bromine is regulated as a hazardous waste or material. Therefore, it must be disposed of in an approved hazardous waste faciHty in compliance with EPA and/or other appHcable local, state, and federal regulations and should be handled in a manner acceptable to good waste management practice. The reportable quantity is 45.4 kg for corrosivity (62). 

Some considerations relevant to public health concerns about modern and effective incineration systems have been described. However, local health officials and citizens of communities with hazardous waste incinerators have expressed to ATSDR their concern that they may not be able to judge a good operation, or that, once the initial trial burns and inspections are completed, the system may not be operated in the same manner as during the testing phase. Citizens have also expressed concern that burning rates will be exceeded or monitoring systems will be overridden. 

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