Loading stoichiometric

The diesel engine operates, inherently by its concept, at variable fuel-air ratio. One easily sees that it is not possible to attain the stoichiometric ratio because the fuel never diffuses in an ideal manner into the air for an average equivalence ratio of 1.00, the combustion chamber will contain zones that are too rich leading to incomplete combustion accompanied by smoke and soot formation. Finally, at full load, the overall equivalence ratio... 

Most dynamic adsorption data are obtained in the form of outlet concentrations as a function of time as shown in Figure 18a. The area iebai measures the removal of the adsorbate, as would the stoichiometric area idcai, and is used to calculate equiUbrium loading. For constant pattern adsorption, the breakthrough time and the stoichiometric time ( g), are used to calculate LUB as (1 — (107). This LUB concept is commonly used... 

Cross-sectionai area. The combustor cross section can be determined by dividing the volumetric flow at the combustor inlet by a reference velocity which has been selected as being appropriate for the particular turbine conditions on the basis of proven performance in a similar engine. Another basis for selecting a combustor cross section comes from correlations of thermal loading per unit cross section. Thermal loading is proportional to the primary zone air flow because fuel and air mixtures are near stoichiometric in all combustors. 

This class of substrate is the only real problematic substrate for the AE reaction. The enantioseleetivity of the AE reaction with this class of substrate is often variable. In addition, rates of the catalytic reactions are often sluggish, thus requiring stoichiometric loadings of Ti/tartrate. Some representative product epoxides from AE reaction of 3Z-substituted allyl alcohols are shown below. 

Since amines react more readily than alcohols in noncatalyzed reactions with anhydrides, the reaction is more difficult and initially required stoichiometric catalyst loadings [107], but could be performed in a catalytic sense with an O-acylated azlactone as acylating agent, which does not react with a benzylic amine at —50°C, but is capable of acylating the catalyst [108, 109]. Depending on the buUdness of the substrate, selectivities ranged from S = 11 to 27 (s = [ enantiomer l]/[ enantiomer 2])-... 

The reactor used for the aluminothermic reduction of niobium pentoxide is shown schematically in Figure 4.17 (A). It is a steel pipe, lined on the inside with alumina and provided with a pipe cap. The charge, consisting of stoichiometric amounts of niobium pentoxide and aluminum powder, is blended and loaded in the lined pipe, and covered with alumina. The cap is closed and the reaction initiated by placing the loaded bomb in a gas-fired furnace, preheated to 800 °C, and by raising the temperature of the furnace to 1100 °C. 

The chemistry involved in this explosively unstable system is reviewed [1]. The mechanism of the trigger reactions that initiate the exothermic decomposition of chlorate-sulfur mixtures has been studied. Mixtures containing 1-30% of sulfur can decompose well below the m.p. of sulfur, and addition of sulfur dioxide, the suspected chemical trigger, causes immediate onset of the reaction [2], Autoignition of stoichiometric mixtures can be as low as 115°C, with frictional sensitivity at 5N, the lowest load the test apparatus permitted. Both were dependent upon the history of the sulphur used [3],... 

Furthermore factors such as stoichiometric value, heat load and design of the burner as well as the combustion chamber have a significant impact on the emission of pollutant gases. Depending on the reaction of a combustion system to a changing equivalence ratio decisions can be made how to minimize the pollutant emissions by adapting the flow rate of air or gas. A combustion control system based on monitoring the CO fraction in the flue gas could thus be considered. 

Based on a similar approach, Backvall403 established the stereochemical course of such reactions and developed efficient routes to bicyclo[4.3.0]-nonadiene and bicyclo[5.3.0]-decadiene systems. Backvall404 has also reported a Pd(02CCF3)2-catalyzed oxidative carbocyclization of allenenes (Scheme 125). The process is efficient even with catalyst loading as low as 1 mol%, although if requires/>-benzoquinone as the stoichiometric oxidant, which represents the first example of a C-C bond formation using a catalytic amount of Pd(ll). Bicyclic adducts have been obtained in... 

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