Liver detoxification

Controls liver cirrhosis, improves liver cell regeneration and helps in effective liver detoxification (Colodny and Hoffman, 1998). 

Helps to improve liver cirrhosis and helps in liver detoxification. 

Tocotrienols, gamma Oryzanol Phosphatidyl chohne Antioxidants Controls liver cirrhosis and helps in effective liver detoxification (Bruni, 1988). Protectant against hver damage (Kidd, 1996). Antioxidant enzymes prevent hpid peroxidation and helps protecting the liver cells from damage. 

The a-thioalkyl trifluoromethyl ketones are also selective inhibitors of mammalian carboxyesterases. These enzymes are involved in the liver detoxification processes. ... 

Ciclosporin can cause cholestasis and cellular necrosis by an inhibitory effect on hepatocyte membrane transport proteins at both sinusoidal and canalicular levels. It induces oxidative stress by accumulation of various free radicals. Ademetionine (5-adenosylmethionine) is a naturally occurring substance that is involved in liver detoxification processes. The efficacy of ademetionine in the treatment and prevention of ciclosporin-induced cholestasis has been studied in 72 men with psoriasis (89). The patients who were given ciclosporin plus ademetionine had low plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of oxidants and high concentrations of antioxidants. The authors concluded that ademetionine may protect the hver against hepatotoxic substances such as ciclosporin. 

Paracetamol must not he injected intravenously during the peel, however, to avoid any competition among the enzymes responsible for liver detoxification. 

The mechanism of carcinogenicity of benzidine is thought to involve its metabolic transformations forming reactive intermediates binding to DNA. Such DNA adducts have been identified in rodent liver. It tested positive in most genotoxic tests. Its carcinogenicity may possibly be related to the slow rate of liver detoxification by acetylation allowing activation of benzidine or its metabolites in urine (Whysner et al. 1996). 

The C-methyl group itself is vulnerable to attack by microsomal monooxygenase enzymes, as established in the liver detoxification system (Coon et al., 1972), and removal in the overall conversion of lanosterol or cycloartenol to sterols (Miller and Gaylor, 1970 Gaylor, 1972). In the latter cases, the methyl groups are eliminated as carbon dioxide after initial oxidation to the... 

A book on biomedical applications of immobilized enzymes has reviewed current research on the uses of immobilized enzymes and immobilized proteins in diagnosis and therapy e.g. in the construction of artificial kidneys and livers, detoxification, and fuel cells). The uses of immobilized enzymes in clinical and biochemical analyses have also been reviewed. 

A two volume edited work critically surveys the current state of research on possible uses of immobilized enzymes and proteins in diagnosis, in prevention, and in therapy in such areas as the construction of artificial kidneys and livers, detoxification, fuel cells, and enzyme therapy. The first volume was devoted to the multiplicity of current therapeutic applications as well as future prospects, including the feasibility of immobilizing various enzymes and pro-... 

Fig. 7.4 Bio-inspired 3D liver detoxification device. Polydiacetylene nanoparticles (greeri) are installed in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogel matrix (grey) with liver-mimetic 3D structure fabricated by 3D printing. The nanoparticles attract, capture and sense toxins (red), while the 3D matrix with modified liver lobule structure allows toxins to be trapped efficiently. This biomimetic 3D detoxifier has promising clinical application for detoxification by collecting and removing toxins. Reproduced from [164]...

The relative rates of activation and detoxification of methyl paraoxon within the liver determine whether net activation or detoxification will occur (Sultatos 1987). Sex-differences have been observed in acute... 

There is a second type of cholinesterase called butyrylcholinesterase, pseudocholinesterase, or cholinesterase. This enzyme is present in some nonneural cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as in plasma and serum, the liver, and other organs. Its physiologic function is not known, but is hypothesized to be the hydrolysis of esters ingested from plants (Lefkowitz et al. 1996). Plasma cholinesterases are also inhibited by organophosphate compounds through irreversible binding this binding can act as a detoxification mechanism as it affords some protection to acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system (Parkinson 1996 Taylor 1996). 

More recently, an indirect method of electrochemical detoxification of organisms has been put into practice. It is based on a model of the detoxifying function of the liver. A normal liver produces cytochrome P450, which assures the hydroxylation... 

A knowledge of physiology and pharmacokinetics is needed (Fanis et al. 1993 Monteiro and Furness 2001). Levels of mercuiy normally vary among internal tissues, and the time to equilibrate within each tissue varies. For example, blood mercury levels normally reflect veiy recent exposure, while brain and liver levels reflect longer-term exposure. Tissue-specific mechanisms of detoxification and seqnestration, among other processes, must be understood to define the bioactive moiety in observed tissue bmdens before a clear expression of toxicity can be derived (Woodetal. 1997). 

The major metabolic pathway of hydrogen sulfide is the oxidation of the sulfide to sulfate in the liver (Beauchamp et al. 1984). Methylation also serves as a detoxification route. Hydrogen sulfide is excreted primarily as sulfate (either as free sulfate or as thiosulfate) in the urine. 

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