Lithium rechargeable ambient-temperature

S. Hossain, Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (Ambient temperature) , in Handbook of Batteries, 2nd edition, D. Linden, McGraw-Hill Inc. (1995). 

Hossain, Sohrab. Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (Ambient Temperature). In Handbook of Batteries, David Linden ed., New York, N.Y., 36.1-36.77, 1995. 

Hossain, S. 1995. Rechargeable lithium batteries (ambient temperature). InHandbook of batteries fuel cells, 2nd ed. D. Linden (Ed.). New York McGraw-Hill. 36.4. 

Reddy TB, Hossain S (2002) Rechargeable lithium batteries (ambient temperature), Chapter 34. In Reddy TB (ed) Linden s handbook of batteries, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York. 

Doughty, D.H. (2010) Chapter 27 Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (Ambient Temperature) in Linden s Handbook of Batteries, 4th edn, (ed. T.B. Reddy), McGraw-Hill, November 2010. 

The temperature dependence of the conductivity of the various classes of polymer electrolyte discussed above is summarized in the Arrhenius plots in Fig. 7.23. While a wide choice of materials is now available, it is important to note that improvements in conductivity are generally accompanied by losses in chemical stability and by increases in reactivity towards the lithium metal electrode. Successful development of rechargeable LPBs is therefore likely to be linked to the use of the so-called dry polymer electrolytes, namely pure PEO-LiX systems. This necessarily confines the operation of LPBs to above ambient temperatures. This restriction does not apply to lithium ion cells. 

The safety considerations for pure lithium batteries are such that it is unlikely that they will ever be used for large battery systems, as identified by the electric vehicle market. The lithium ambient temperature rechargeables contain metallic lithium along with combustible organic electrolytes. 

FeS2 has been studied and used in Li-Al-FeS2 molten salt rechargeable batteries at 400°C and in Li/FeS2 primary batteries at ambient temperature for the last two decades. Li/FeS2 cells have an excellent reversibility at 400°C, but only a limited reversibility has been obtained at ambienttemperature. There has been renewed research interest and efforts were undertaken to improve the rechargeability of the Li-Fe-S system in lithium polymer batteries at moderate temperatures around 55-135°C for potential applications in electric vehicles. 

The data presented in Table 7.14 reveal that Ni-Cd batteries exhibit slow selfdischarge as a function of ambient temperature. It is possible that these batteries can retain 62 to 70% of their capacity after one month. These rechargeable battery stacks consisting of several cells will be well suited for space applications involving passive sensors, such as IR cameras and low-power electro-optical sensors. Sealed Ni-Cd or Ni-MH or lithium-ion battery packs are ideal for moderate-power applications. Performance capabilities of these batteries are summarized in Table 7.15. 

The advantages and disadvantages of rechargeable lithium batteries operating at ambient temperature are summarized in Table 34.1. (These may not be applicable in all cases because of the different characteristics of the various rechargeable lithium systems.)... 

TABLE 34.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ambient-Temperature Lithium Rechargeable Batteries... 

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