Lithium polyphosphate

Proof that the anions of the substances mentioned really consist of long chains of P04 tetrahedra has been supplied by complete structural analyses of crystals. Four different types of such chain-like anions, differing in shape and inner periodicity, have so far been recognized. In the low temperature form of lithium polyphosphate, which has the same type of structure as lithium polyarsenate and diopside [Ca, Mg(Si03)2]x these are extended chains which (see Fig. 9a) as in enstatite have a Zweierperiodizit at (138) (see also ref. 66 in Table XVI). Rubidium polyphosphate has quite similar Zweierketten (55) (see Fig. 9b and ref. 63 in Table XVI) except that the P04 tetrahedra are somewhat rotated with respect to Form a. In the high... 

Strauss, U. P., and P. Ander Molecular dimensions and interactions of lithium polyphosphate in aqueous lithium bromide solutions. J. Phi s. Chem. 66, 2235 (1962). 

Strauss and Anders (1962) suggested that the results obtained for the theta temperature of lithium polyphosphate in 0.4 M LiCl should be "regarded with caution."... 

In Fig. 7.13 an analysis of the polymerization of dibasic lithium orthophosphate, LiH2P04, to lithium polyphosphate, LiP03, is given. The polymerization occurs with evolution of water, as shown in the chemical equations, and is thus amenable to thermogravimetry. Although the reaction looks simple, it turns out to be quite involved and to analyze it, thermogravimetry needs to be pushed to its limits. ... 

Elsewhere, in a series of Japanese patents, mixtures of resorcinol + sodium nitrate, glycerine + sodium nitrate, lithium hydroxide + tungstate, etc., have been claimed to be effective. An example of the use of inhibited cooling mixtures of low toxicity is provided by a patent which describes a mixture of silicate-I- polyphosphate -I- a saccharide, e.g. sucrose or fructose, as the inhibitor formulation in a propylene glycol -I- potassium-hydrogen-carbonate mixture used in aluminium cooler boxes for ice-cream. 

Kennedy ED, Challiss RJ, Nahorski SR Lithium reduces the accumulation of inositol polyphosphate second messengers following cholinergic stimulation of cerebral cortex slices. J Neurochem 53 1652-1655, 1989... 

Kennedy ED, Challiss RAJ, Ragan Cl, et al Reduced inositol polyphosphate accumulation and inositol supply induced by lithium in stimulated cerebral cortex slices. Biochem J 267 781-786, 1990... 

While the polyarsenates and arsenatophosphates of lithium and sodium are closely related to the corresponding polyphosphates, the relationship is more complicated for the potassium compounds. The dehydration product of KH2As04 which is formed above about 180°C (122) has the analytical composition (KAsOa) and exists in three forms (121, 298). 

Inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase Another enzyme in inositol recycling inhibited by lithium, resulting in depletion of substrate for IP3 production (Figure 29-4)... 

Bischler -Napieralski ring closure of 5 (R = CHO) with phosphorus oxychloride6,8 9 and of 5 (R = COCH3) with phosphorus oxychloride6, 8 or polyphosphate ester10 gave 8 (R = H and R = CH3, respectively). Reduction of 8 (R = H) with lithium aluminum hydride... 

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the brain inositol signaling system. The quantities of IMPase isoenzymes and IPPase are increased by chronic lithium treatment occurring at either the gene or protein levels. Inositol in this diagram indicates the myo-inositol isomer. Calbindin -calcium binding protein DAG- diacyl glycerol Gq-GTP binding protein IMPase 1 — inositol mono phosphatase 1 IPPase- inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase Ins(l)P, Ins(3)P, Ins(4)P-inos-itol monophosphates Ins(l,3)P2 - inositol 1,3-bisphosphate Ins( 1,4)/ 2 - inositol 1,4-bisphos-phate Ins(3,4)/)2- inositol 3,4-bisphosphate Ins (1,4,5)P3 - inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Ins( 1,3,4)/ 3 - inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate Li+-lithium PA - phosphatidic acid PI- phosphatidyl inositol PIP- phosphatidyl inositol 4-phosphate PIP2- phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate PIP3- phosphatidyl inositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate PLC - phospholipase-C, VPA-valproate.

Phosphorus has an even wider range of oxoacid chemistry, and a commensurately wide range of phosphates, phosphites, polyphosphates, hypophosphites, and so on of the alkali metals are preparable. Sodium and potassium are the most common cations used, largely because of their availability and low cost. The cation often has little effect on the properties and applications, which are covered in Phosphates Solid-state Chemistry. Most form a variety of crystalline hydrates, which have been well covered in previous treatments and need not be repeated here. Trae to form, lithium is the exception, forming no stable hydrates with phosphorus oxoanions. 

HETEROCYCLES Copper phcnylace-tylide. Dichlorobis(benzonitrile)palladium. N-Dichloromethylene-N,N-dimcthylammo-nium chloride. Diiminosuccinonitrile. Dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. Dipotassium cyanodithioimidocarbonate. Ethoxy-carbonyl isothiocyanate. Ethyldiisopropyl-amine. Ethylene oxide. Hydrogen fluoride. Isocyanomethane-phosphoric acid diethyl ester. Lead tetraacetate. Lithium aluminium hydride. Methylhydrazine. Phosphoryl chloride. Polyphosphate ester. Polyphosphoric acid. Potassium amide. Potassium hydroxide. Tolythiomethyl isocyanide. Tosylmethyl isocyanide, Trichlo-romethylisocyanide dichloride. Trimethyl-silyldiazomethane. 

The lithium cation (Li" ) has been shown to inhibit GSK-3P with a potency around 2 mM IC50 (3.3 mM K ) and, although weak, this concentration is achievable clinically, thus offering the potential as a useful therapeutic. Other than GSK-3, Ii+ has been shown to also inhibit polyphosphate 1-phosphatase, inositol monophosphatase, casein kinase-II (CKII), MAP kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MAPKAP-K2) and p38-regulated/activated kinase (PRAK) as well as activating, in cells, PI3-kinase/PKB and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) [63-66]. Naturally this polypharmacology complicates the interpretation between target and function of Li+. 

Cyclizatton Boron trifluoride etherate. Ion-exchange resin. Lithium, diethylamide. Mercuric acetate(then sodium borohydride). Methanesulfonic acid. Nickel carbonyl. Polyphosphate ester. Sodium aluminum chloride. Sodium methoxide. Trifluoracetic acid. 

ALKYLATION Benzyltriethylammonium chloride. 9-Borabicyclo [ 3.3.1 ] nonane. Dimethylcopperlithium. 1,3-Dithiane. Hexamethyl-phosphoric triamide. Lithiumdi-isopropylamide. Lithium diisopropylamide Methyl fluorosulfonate. Naphthalene -Lithium. Phenacylsulfonyl chloride. Polyphosphate ester Silver oxide. Triethylaluminum. Triethyl-oxonium fluoroborate. 

Patel S, Yenush L, Rodriguez PL, Serrano R and Blundell TL (2002) Crystal structure of an enzyme displaying both inositol-polyphosphate-1-phosphatase and 3 -phosphoadenosine-5 -phosphate phosphatase activities a novel target of lithium therapy. J Mol Biol 315 677—685. 

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