Liquid-vapor unmixing

In the next section, we briefly describe some results obtained [82, 85] for lattice models of critical unmixing of polymers, which have some relevance for the theories summarized in the previous sections. We do not give a more detailed account of the simulation techniques applied in those papers, however, because they are well documented in the literature [70, 71, 72, 73, 77, 78, 81, 82, 85, 91]. The extensions of these techniques needed to cope with the complications due to competing order parameters (as they occur in polymer+solvent systems when both liquid-vapor unmixing and fluid-fluid unmixing is possible) are deferred to Sect. 5. 

It has been proposed to define a reduced temperature Tr for a solution of a single electrolyte as the ratio of kgT to the work required to separate a contact +- ion pair, and the reduced density pr as the fraction of the space occupied by the ions. (M+ ) The principal feature on the Tr,pr corresponding states diagram is a coexistence curve for two phases, with an upper critical point as for the liquid-vapor equilibrium of a simple fluid, but with a markedly lower reduced temperature at the critical point than for a simple fluid (with the corresponding definition of the reduced temperature, i.e. the ratio of kjjT to the work required to separate a van der Waals pair.) In the case of a plasma, an ionic fluid without a solvent, the coexistence curve is for the liquid-vapor equilibrium, while for solutions it corresponds to two solution phases of different concentrations in equilibrium. Some non-aqueous solutions are known which do unmix to form two liquid phases of slightly different concentrations. While no examples in aqueous solution are known, the corresponding... 

Lewis case 2 Vapor unmixed between trays. Liquid flows in the same direction on successive trays,... 

Liquid-liquid critical point 36, 37, 54—56 Liquid-liquid immiscibility 88 Liquid-liquid phase coexistence 37 Liquid-liquid phase separation 55, 87 Liquid-liquid unmixing 4, 93 Liquid-vapor coexistence 17, 19, 34, 53, 71, 87, 88, 94, 95... 

Subsection B This subsection contains rules pertaining to the methods of fabrication of pressure vessels. Part UW is applicable to welded vessels. Service restric tions are defined. Lethal service is for lethal substances, which are defined as poisonous gases or liquids of such a nature that a very small amount of the gas or the vapor of the liquid mixed or unmixed with air is dangerous to life when inhaled. It is stated that it is the user s responsibility to advise the designer or manufacturer if the service is lethal. All vessels in lethal service shall have all butt-welded joints fully radiographed, and when practical, joints shall be butt-welded. All vessels fabricated of carbon or low-aUoy steel shall be postweld-heat-treated. 

The function is the mass transfer rate equation for the vapor phase is the interfacial energy balance F3 is valid if the liquid phase may be assumed unmixed with... 

In the case of unmixed vapors between the plates, the equations, being implicit in E y, have also been solved numerically (112). The results depend on the arrangement of the downcomers and are not too different numerically from equation 93. In reality, however, the liquid is neither completely backmixed nor can the tray be considered as a plug-flow device. 

For present purposes, saturated-vapor enthalpies can be calculated adequately by assuming that the unmixed liquids are heated separately as liquids to the gas temperature Iq (the dew point), each vaporized at this temperature, and the vapors mixed... 

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