Liquid phase separation applications

Their historical developments and various membrane preparation methods will be discussed in Chapters 2 and 3, respectively. Chapter 4 reviews the general separation and non-separation properties of the membranes and the methods by which they are measured. Chapter 5 presents commercial membrane elements and modules and their application features which are followed by discussions of liquid-phase separation applications in Chapter 6. Many of those applications are commercially practiced. Potential gas separation and other applications (such as sensors and supports for liquid membranes) will be discussed in Chapter 7. 

While applications and analysis of ILs may provide some guidance on potential applications of SCIL-based phases in EC, these phases may also provide useful information about ILs. As Poole points out [16], a key requirement for the successful integration of ILs in industrial processes is the ability of being applied to rapid liquid-liquid phase separation systems. Shake-flask methods are commonly used to measure IL/water partition coefficients. However, the high viscosity and cost of these materials coupled with the time and effort required for traditional shake-flask methods render this... 

Membranes are thin polymeric films that may permit the faster diffusion of some molecules than of others. Thin films of polymers are widely used for the separation of gases and for liquid-phase separations (dialysis). Because of the ease of property tuning, polyphosphazenes are of great interest for these types of applications, although only a few examples have yet been investigated. 

Dr. T.L Thomas participated in the earliest research on adsorption/desorption kinetics, air separation, pressure swing adsorption systems, liquid phase separations, and ion exchange applications. He directed many of the application studies between 1955 and 1959. 

In contrast to liquid-phase tqiplications reviewed in Chapter 6. the current sales volume and application varieties of inorganic membranes in the gas-phase separation market are still quite limited. Their commercial usage in the gas- and vapor-phase environments is far from being a significant presence. Even the first largest gas-phase separation application, gas diffusion for uranium enrichment, discussed in Chapter 2 no longer requires any major production efforts. 

Finally, the current status of the inorganic membrane technology is summarized for an overall perspective. The future is speculated based on that perspective to provide a framework for future developments in the synthesis, fabrication and assembly of inorganic membranes and their uses for traditional liquid-phase separation, high-temperature gas separation and membrane reactor applications. 

However, the existence and utilization of adsorptive methods for substance purification was practiced well before that time. Applications of liquid phase separations started as early as the turn of the 19th century, that is if one does not acknowledge wood as the first described adsorption medium (Moses 2, 15 (23-25))... 

Although liquid chromatography techniques have become quite popular in the separation of peptides in complex protein digests, they are yet to make an impact for the separation of protein samples for proteome-wide applications. It is envisioned that in the future their application for protein separation will increase. Various combinations of reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC with ion-exchange, size-exclusion, chromato-focusing (CF), IEF, and capillary electrophoresis (CE) have emerged for 2D separation of complex mixtures of proteins and peptides. A recent addition in this field is the use of CF as the first dimension and RP-FIPLC as the second-dimension separation device.14 CF is a column-based liquid-phase separation technique, in which proteins are fractionated on the basis of differences in their p/values in a weak ion-exchange column. 

Fajula F and Plee D 1994 Application of molecular sieves in view of cleaner technology. Gas and liquid phase separations Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 85 633-51... 

An example of an enantiomerically pure polymer is also shown [11]. Aoki et al. showed that films of a polyacetylene substituted with a (-)-p-pinene derivative formed an effective membrane for chromatographic resolutions of racemic mixtures. ( )-2-Butanol was resolved to 29.8% eje. and unsaturated polymers for both liquid-phase and gas-phase separation applications (8, 9, 79]. It has been suggested that the rigidity and irregularity of the highly substituted polyacetylene chain, combined with the presence of aliphatic substituents which reduce interchain interactions, are important for the polymers transport properties [10]. 

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