Liquid metals immiscible components

A summary of all the metal pairs showing partial or complete immiscibility in the liquid state is presented in the map of Fig. 2.17. In the same figure metal pairs giving solid-gas equilibria are also shown. The solid-gas equilibria are especially observed in systems in which there is a large difference in the boiling points of the components (see for instance the systems formed by the alkali metals with refractory metals such as Cr, Mo, V etc.). Several groups of systems forming miscibility... 

An aqueous biphasic system consisting of two immiscible liquid phases (i.e., two separate distinct layers) can be used to separate a particular component such as certain heavy metals from contaminated soil. A combination of phases such as a water-soluble polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol) phase and a concentrated aqueous salt solution (e.g., sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, or sodium phosphate) phase can comprise a biphasic system. Aqueous biphasic systems are... 

Solvent extraction is a process that allows the separation of two or more components due to their unequal solubilities in two immiscible liquid phases. It is an important method in hydrometallurgy for separation of metal ions from their solution. The unique properties, such as good stability, nonvolatility, a wide liquid range, low flammability, and adjustable miscibility and polarity, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic depending on the structures of cations and anions, make ILs attractive as alternative media in liquid-liquid extraction of metal ions from aqueous solutions. 

A microemulsion is a thermodynamically stable, optically clear dispersion of two immiscible liquids such as water and oil, stabilized by the presence of a surfactant and, in some cases, a co-surfac-tant.i i7i,265-267 synthesis of nanoparticles by microemulsions has two main advantages. On the one hand, particle size can be controlled by adjusting the size of the micelle containing the metal precursors. Therefore, thermal treatments for particle size control can be avoided. On the other hand, since the micelles have the same composition, i.e. metal precursors are distributed homogeneously the nucleation of metallic particles renders particles of the same composition. This latter feature is very important for the synthesis of bimetallic (or ternary) catalysts. The main drawback of the microemulsion, or any other approach using surfactants, is surfactant removal. Severe thermal treatments are required in order to achieve complete removal of the surfactant which may result in particle aggregation and/or surface enrichment, or complete phase segregation of the components of the bimetallic samples. ... 

---