Liquid metals exposure time

Liquid sterilants are known to corrode the metal parts of articles and instmments that are to be sterilized, although articles composed exclusively of glass or certain type of corrosion-resistant metal alloys can be safely processed. Because the degree of corrosion is related to length of exposure, many articles are merely disinfected in a shorter exposure time. Disinfection may be suitable for certain appHcations. The safety of using Hquid sterilants must be judged by a qualified microbiologist. 

Clear or pigmented liquid photocurable coatings can be applied to a flexible substrate (metal, polyethylene or filter paper) and the relative rate of cure or network formation as a function of changes in dynamic mechanical properties versus exposure time can be determined. 

On raising the level of the mercury, the apparent interface responded rapidly, advancing up the tube. But on repeating the retreat of the mercury, again some time was required before the interface could be observed at its equilibrium level. After a week or more of exposure of the glass to the liquid metals, the response of the apparent interface to retreat of the mercury became a little faster, but something of the order of hours was still required. 

Like Fermi s and Anderson s previous experiment, the new project involved measuring neutron production in a tank of liquid. For a more accurate reading the experimenters needed a longer exposure time than their customary rhodium foils activated to 44-second half-life would allow. They planned instead simply to fill the tank with a 10 percent solution of manganese, an ironlike metal that gives amethyst its purple color and that activates upon neutron bombardment to an isotope with a nearly 3-hour... 

AFM is used at the nanoscale to analyze structure of polymers. It has been used to determine spatial distribution of impact modifier in high impact polypropylene (95), follow pit growth in a film of a blend as a function of exposure time during degradation studies of coatings on metal (96), determine surface topography and molecular organization of liquid crystalline polymers (97), and observe... 

ASTM G 73, Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion Testing—The behavior of solid specimens that are exposed to discrete impacts of liquid may be evaluated by conducting studies according to this standard. Specimens are subjected to hquid sprays or jets and the weight loss (or other metal loss data) is recorded with exposure time. This method presents test apparatus, test specimens, test procedures, and calculations and analysis of erosion resistance. 

On the other hand, riboflavin retention is affected by oxygen concentration, other components such as metal sulfates and amino acid chelates, water activity, and most of all, light exposure. Riboflavin photodegradation in liquid systems such as milk follows first order degradation mechanisms and is dependent on light intensity, exposure time and wavelength (Choe et al. 2005). 

As already mentioned before, the corrosion rate of steels in Uquid Na is much lower with respect to liquid Pb/Pb-Bi and to a certain extent also the corrosion mechanisms in Na are different with respect to Pb/Pb-Bi. Moreover, in Uquid Pb/Pb-Bi for certain testing conditions multiple corrosion mechanisms (e.g., oxidation and local dissolution) can be activated with increasing temperature and/or exposure time, making the assessment of steel corrosion in these Uquid metals more complex. 

The 304 and 316 austenitic steels behave quite well in liquid metal sodium environments with low oxygen content at 650°C and below. The feedback from several SFR operations is good even for long exposure times like in BOR60 or Ph6nix reactors. Even if this item is not a primary concern about SFR operation, it is necessary to ascertain that this assertion remains valid for a 60-year exposition to liquid sodium at 550°C with low oxygen content (<3 wt ppm) in normal conditions. Somehow the thickness of the affected material needs to be predicted thanks to a better understanding of the different phenomena that may occur oxidation/reduction, dissolution/diffusion. 

Recently, a membrane was used to separate the anode and cathode compartments, and S. oneidensis MR-1 and other bacteria are added in both or only one of the electrode chambers [145]. It was observed that the electrochemical behavior of the copper electrode was significantly affected by the exposure condition. A second time constant was observed in the impedance spectra of copper that was partially immersed in the electrolyte, this can be attributed to the formation of a porous biofilm in the air/liquid/metal interface. Complete immersion of the electrode or deaeration of die electrolyte resulted in onetime-constant spectra. The corrosion potential increased with time for the Cu electrode partially immersed in the electrolyte, while it decreased for the other two exposure conditions. The mechanism on how the exposure condition affects electrode performance in bacterial batteries remains unclear [145]. 

Typically a BLEVE occurs after a metal container has been overheated above 538 °C (1,000 °F). The metal may not be able to withstand the internal stress and therefore failure occurs. The contained liquid space of the vessel normally acts as a heat absorber, so the wetted portions of the container are usually not at risk, only the surfaces of internal vapor spaces. Most BLEVEs occur when containers are less than 1/2 to 1/3 full of liquids. The liquid vaporization expansion energy is such that container pieces have been thrown as far as 0.8 km (1/2 mile) from the rupture and fatalities from such incidents have occurred up to 244 meters (800 ft.) away. Fireballs may occur at the time of rupture, that are several meters in diameter, resulting in intense heat exposure to nearby personnel. Fatalities due to burns from such incidents have occurred to personnel as much as 76 meters (250 Ft.) away from the point of rupture. 

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